Devices, processes, and systems for determination of nucleic acid sequence, expression, copy number, or methylation changes using combined nuclease, ligase, polymerase, and sequencing reactions

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to methods, devices, instruments, processes, and systems for the highly specific, targeted molecular analysis of regions of human genomes and transcriptomes from the blood, i.e. from cell free circulating DNA, exosomes, microRNA, lncRNA, circulating tumor cells, or total blood cells. The technology enables highly sensitive identification and enumeration of mutation, expression, copy number, translocation, alternative splicing, and methylation changes using spatial multiplexing and combined nuclease, ligation, polymerase, and sequencing reactions. Such technology may be used for non-invasive early detection of cancer, non-invasive cancer prognosis, and monitoring both treatment efficacy and disease recurrence of cancer.

This application claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 62/478,412, filed Mar. 29, 2017, which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to devices, processes, and systems fordetermination of nucleic acid sequence, expression, copy number, ormethylation changes using combined nuclease, ligation, polymerase, andsequencing reactions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Advances in DNA sequencing hold the promise to standardize and developnon-invasive molecular diagnosis to improve prenatal care,transplantation efficacy, cancer and other disease detection andindividualized treatment. Currently, patients with predisposing or earlydisease are not identified, and those with disease are not given thebest treatment—all because of failures at the diagnostic level.

In the cancer field, there is a need to develop such technology forearly detection, guiding therapy, and monitoring for recurrence—all froma blood sample. This includes the need to develop: (i) high sensitivitydetection of single base mutation, small insertion, and small deletionmutations in known genes (when present at 1% to 0.01% of cell-free DNA);(ii) high sensitivity detection of promoter hypermethylation andhypomethylation (when present at 1% to 0.01% of cell-free DNA); (iii)accurate quantification of tumor-specific mRNA, lncRNA, and miRNAisolated from tumor-derived exosomes or RISC complex, or circulatingtumor cells in blood; (iv) accurate quantification of tumor-specificcopy changes in DNA isolated from circulating tumor cells; (v) accuratequantification of mutations, promoter hypermethylation andhypomethylation in DNA isolated from circulating tumor cells. All these(except quantification of tumor-specific copy changes in DNA isolatedfrom circulating tumor cells) require focusing the sequencing ontargeted genes or regions of the genome. Further, determination of thesequence information or methylation status from both strands of theoriginal fragment provides critically needed confirmation of rareevents.

Normal plasma contains nucleic acids released from normal cellsundergoing normal physiological processes (i.e. exosomes, apoptosis).There may be additional release of nucleic acids under conditions ofstress, inflammation, infection, or injury. In general, DNA releasedfrom apoptotic cells is an average of 160 bp in length, while DNA fromfetal cells is an average of about 140 bp. Plasma from a cancer patientcontains nucleic acids released from cancer cells undergoing abnormalphysiological processes, as well as within circulating tumor cells(CTCs). Likewise, plasma from a pregnant woman contains nucleic acidsreleased from fetal cells.

There are several challenges for developing reliable diagnostic andscreening tests. The first challenge is to distinguish those markersemanating from the tumor or fetus that are indicative of disease (i.e.early cancer) vs. presence of the same markers emanating from normaltissue. There is also a need to balance the number of markers examinedand the cost of the test, with the specificity and sensitivity of theassay. This is a challenge that needs to address the biologicalvariation in diseases such as cancer. In many cases the assay shouldserve as a screening tool, requiring the availability of secondarydiagnostic follow-up (i.e. colonoscopy, amniocentesis). Compounding thebiological problem is the need to reliably detect nucleic acid sequencemutation or promoter methylation differences, or reliably quantify DNAor RNA copy number from either a very small number of initial cells(i.e. from CTCs), or when the cancer or fetus-specific signal is in thepresence of a far larger amount of nucleic acid emanating from normalcells. Finally, there is the technical challenge to distinguish truesignal resulting from detecting the desired disease-specific nucleicacid differences vs. false signal generated from normal nucleic acidspresent in the sample vs. false signal generated in the absence of thedisease-specific nucleic acid differences.

By way of an example, consider the challenge of detecting, in plasma,the presence of circulating tumor DNA harboring a mutation in the p53gene or a methylated promoter region. Such a sample will contain a farlarger amount of cell-free DNA arising from normal cells, where thetumor DNA may only comprise 0.01% of the total cell-free DNA. Thus, inattempting to find the presence of such mutant DNA by total sequencing,one would need to sequence 100,000 genomes to identify 10 genomesharboring the mutations. This would require sequencing 300,000 GB ofDNA, a task beyond the reach of current sequencing technology, not tomention the enormous data-management issues. To circumvent this problem,many groups have attempted to capture specific target regions or to PCRamplify the regions in question. Sequence capture has suffered fromdropout, such that maybe 90-95% of the desired sequences are captured,but desired fragments are missing. Alternatively, PCR amplificationprovides the risk of introducing a rare error that is indistinguishablefrom a true mutation. Further, PCR loses methylation information. Whilebisulfate treatment has been traditionally used to determine thepresence of promoter methylation, it is also destructive of the DNAsample and lacks the ability to identify multiple methylation changes incell-free DNA.

There are several different approaches for reducing error rate andimproving the accuracy of sequencing runs. A consensus accuracy may beachieved in the presence of high error rates by sequencing the sameregion of DNA 30 to 100 times. However, a high error rate makes itextremely difficult to identify a sequence variant in low abundance, forexample when trying to identify a cancer mutation in the presence ofnormal DNA. Therefore, a low error rate is required to detect a mutationin relatively low abundance. The first approach termed tagged-amplicondeep sequencing (TAm-Seq) method (Forshew et al., “NoninvasiveIdentification and Monitoring of Cancer Mutations by Targeted DeepSequencing of Plasma DNA,” Sci Transl Med. 4(136):136 (2012)) is basedon designing primers to amplify 5995 bases that cover select regions ofcancer-related genes, including TP53, EGFR, BRAF, and KRAS. Thisapproach is able identify mutations in the p53 gene at frequencies of 2%to 65%. In this approach, primers are designed to pre-amplify the DNA(for 15 cycles) in a multiplexed reaction with many PCR primers. Thiscreates both desired and undesired products, so it is followed withsingle-plex PCR to further amplify each of the desired products. Thefragments are subjected to a final barcoding PCR step prior to standardnext-generation sequencing. The advantage of this approach is it usesthe time tested multiplexed PCR-PCR, which is unparalleled foramplification of low numbers of starting nucleic acids. The disadvantageis that this approach is unable to distinguish a true mutation from aPCR error in the early rounds of amplification. Thus, while thesensitivity of 2% (i.e. detecting one mutant allele in 50 wt alleles) issufficient for evaluating late-stage cancers prior to making a treatmentdecision, it is not sensitive enough for early detection.

A variation of the first approach is termed Safe-Sequencing System“Safe-SeqS” (Kinde et al., “Detection and Quantification of RareMutations with Massively Parallel Sequencing,” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA108(23):9530-5 (2011)), where randomly sheared genomic DNA is appendedonto the ends of linkers ligated to genomic DNA. The approachdemonstrated that the most mutations described from genomic sequencingare actually errors, and reduced presumptive sequencing errors by atleast 70-fold. Likewise, an approach called ultrasensitive deepsequencing (Narayan et al., “Ultrasensitive Measurement of HotspotMutations in Tumor DNA in Blood Using Error-suppressed Multiplexed DeepSequencing,” Cancer Res. 72(14):3492-8 (2012)) appends bar codes ontoprimers for a nested PCR amplification. Presumably, a similar system ofappending barcodes was developed to detect rare mutations and copynumber variations that depends on bioinformatics tools (Talasaz, A.;Systems and Methods to Detect Rare Mutations and Copy Number Variation,US Patent Application Publication No. US 2014/0066317 A1). Paired-endreads are used to cover the region containing the presumptive mutation.This method was used to track known mutations in plasma of patients withlate stage cancer. These approaches require many reads to establishconsensus sequences. These methods require extending across the targetDNA, and, thus, it would be impossible to distinguish true mutation,from polymerase generated error, especially when copying across adamaged base, such as deaminated cytosine. Finally, these methods do notprovide information on methylation status of CpG sites within thefragment.

The second approach termed Duplex sequencing (Schmitt et al., “Detectionof Ultra-Rare Mutations by Next-Generation Sequencing,” Proc Natl AcadSci USA 109(36):14508-13 (2012)) is based on using duplex linkerscontaining 12 base randomized tags. By amplifying both top and bottomstrands of input target DNA, a given fragment obtains a uniqueidentifier (comprised of 12 bases on each end) such that it may betracked via sequencing. Sequence reads sharing a unique set of tags aregrouped into paired families with members having strand identifiers ineither the top-strand or bottom-strand orientation. Each family pairreflects the amplification of one double-stranded DNA fragment.Mutations present in only one or a few family members representsequencing mistakes or PCR-introduced errors occurring late inamplification. Mutations occurring in many or all members of one familyin a pair arise from PCR errors during the first round of amplificationsuch as might occur when copying across sites of mutagenic DNA damage.On the other hand, true mutations present on both strands of a DNAfragment appear in all members of a family pair. Whereas artifactualmutations may co-occur in a family pair with a true mutation, all exceptthose arising during the first round of PCR amplification can beindependently identified and discounted when producing anerror-corrected single-strand consensus sequence. The sequences obtainedfrom each of the two strands of an individual DNA duplex can then becompared to obtain the duplex consensus sequence, which eliminatesremaining errors that occurred during the first round of PCR. Theadvantage of this approach is that it unambiguously distinguishes truemutations from PCR errors or from mutagenic DNA damage, and achieves anextraordinarily low error rate of 3.8×10⁻¹⁰. The disadvantage of thisapproach is that many fragments need to be sequenced to obtain at leastfive members of each strand in a family pair (i.e. minimum of 10sequence reads per original fragment, but often requiring far more dueto fluctuations). Further, the method has not been tested on cfDNA,which tend to be smaller than fragments generated from intact genomicDNA, and thus would require sequencing more fragments to cover allpotential mutations. Finally, the method does not provide information onmethylation status of CpG sites within the fragment.

The third approach, termed smMIP for Single Molecule Molecular InversionProbes (Hiatt et al., “Single Molecule Molecular Inversion Probes forTargeted, High-Accuracy Detection of Low-Frequency Variation,” GenomeRes. 23(5):843-54 (2013) combines single molecule tagging with multiplexcapture to enable highly sensitive detection of low-frequency subclonalvariation. The method claims an error rate of 2.6×10⁻⁵ in clinicalspecimens. The disadvantage of this approach is that many fragments needto be sequenced to obtain at least five members of each strand in afamily pair (i.e. minimum of 10 sequence reads per original fragment,but often requiring far more due to fluctuations). Also, the methodrequires extending across the target DNA, and thus it would beimpossible to distinguish true mutation, from polymerase-generatederror, especially when copying across a damaged base, such as deaminatedcytosine. Further, the method has not been tested on cfDNA, which tendto be smaller than fragments generated from intact genomic DNA, and thuswould require sequencing more fragments to cover all potentialmutations. Finally, the method does not provide information onmethylation status of CpG sites within the fragment.

The fourth approach, termed circle sequencing (Lou et al.,“High-throughput DNA Sequencing Errors are Reduced by Orders ofMagnitude Using Circle Sequencing,” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA110(49):19872-7 (2013); Acevedo et al., “Mutational and FitnessLandscapes of an RNA Virus Revealed Through Population Sequencing,”Nature 2014 505(7485):686-90 (2014); and Acevedo et al., “LibraryPreparation for Highly Accurate Population Sequencing of RNA Viruses,”Nat Protoc. 9(7):1760-9 (2014)) is based on shearing DNA or RNA to about150 bases, denaturing to form single strands, circularizing those singlestrands, using random hexamer primers and phi29 DNA polymerase forrolling circle amplification (in the presence of Uracil-DNA glycosylaseand Formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase), re-shearing the products toabout 500 bases, and then proceeding with standard next generationsequencing. The advantage of this approach is that the rolling circleamplification makes multiple tandem copies off the original target DNA,such that a polymerase error may appear in only one copy, but a truemutation appears in all copies. The read families average 3 copies insize, because the copies are physically linked to each other. The methodalso uses Uracil-DNA glycosylase and Formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylaseto remove targets containing damaged bases, to eliminate such errors.The advantage of this technology is that it takes the sequencing errorrate from a current level of about 0.1 to 1×10⁻², to a rate as low as7.6×10⁻⁶. The latter error rate is now sufficient to distinguish cancermutations in plasma in the presence of 100 to 10,000-fold excess ofwild-type DNA. A further advantage is that 2-3 copies of the samesequence are physically linked, allowing for verification of a truemutation from sequence data generated from a single fragment, as opposedto at least 10 fragments using the Duplex sequencing approach. However,the method does not provide the ability to determine copy numberchanges, nor provide information on methylation status of CpG siteswithin the fragment.

The fifth approach, developed by Complete Genomics (Drmanac et al.,“Human Genome Sequencing Using Unchained Base Reads on Self-AssemblingDNA Nanoanays,” Science 327(5961):78-81 (2010)) is based on usingligation reads on nanoball arrays. About 400 nucleotides of genomic DNAare circularized with linkers, cleaved, recircularized with additionallinkers, and ultimately recircularized to contain about four linkers.The DNA undergoes rolling circle amplification using phi 29 DNAPolymerase to generate nanoballs. These are then placed onto an array,and sequenced using a ligation-based approach. The salient point of thisapproach, of relevance herein, is that multiple tandem copies of thesame sequence may be generated and subsequently sequenced off a singlerolling circle amplification product. Since the same sequence isinterrogated multiple times by either ligase or polymerase (by combiningrolling circle with other sequencing by synthesis approaches), the errorrate per base may be significantly reduced. As such, sequencing directlyoff a rolling circle product provides many of the same advantages of thecircle sequencing approach described above.

The sixth approach, termed SMRT—single molecule real time—sequencing(Flusberg et al., “Direct Detection of DNA Methylation DuringSingle-Molecule, Real-Time Sequencing,” Nat Methods 7(6):461-5 (2010))is based on adding hairpin loops onto the ends of a DNA fragment, andallowing a DNA polymerase with strand-displacement activity to extendaround the covalently closed loop, providing sequence information on thetwo complementary strands. Specifically, single molecules of polymerasecatalyze the incorporation of fluorescently labeled nucleotides intocomplementary nucleic acid strands. The polymerase slows down or“stutters” when incorporating a nucleotide opposite a methylated base,and the resulting fluorescence pulses allow direct detection of modifiednucleotides in the DNA template, including N⁶-methyladenine,5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The accuracy of theapproach has improved, especially as the polymerase may traverse aroundthe closed loop several times, allowing for determination of a consensussequence. Although the technique is designed to provide sequenceinformation on “dumbbell” shaped substrates (containing mostly the twocomplementary sequences of a linear fragment of DNA), it may also beapplied to single-stranded circular substrates.

Several research groups and companies have developed kits to amplifyspecific target sequences while appending a unique molecule identifier(UMI) or barcode to each fragment.

An elegant approach termed SiMSen-Seq (Simple, Multiplexed, PCR-basedbarcoding of DNA for Sensitive mutation detection using Sequencing) usestwo round of PCR with high fidelity polymerase to append ahairpin-protected barcode to each fragment, as well as externaluniversal primers (Ståhlberg et al., “Simple, Multiplexed, PCR-basedBarcoding of DNA Enables Sensitive Mutation Detection in Liquid BiopsiesUsing Sequencing,” Nucleic Acids Res. 44(11):e105) (2016)). In thisapproach, one primer contains an adapter stem to “hide” the barcode fromthe target DNA, such that the primer hybridization to the target is notmisdirected by random bases in the barcode sequence. The other primer isa regular primer with an Illumina adapter sequence on the end. After tworounds of amplification with a high-fidelity polymerase, adapter, andbarcode are appended to target fragments. After protease treatment anddilution, a second PCR is performed using Illumina adapters containingpatient identifier barcodes. The approach did identify hot spotpositions for raw sequencing errors, and currently is designed tobarcode only one strand.

In the ThruPLEX Tag-seq Kit (Rubicon Genomics), stem-loop adapters areligated to the ends of double-stranded DNA. As with standard Y adapters,genomic DNA is repaired to yield blunt ends. In the next step, stem-loopadaptors containing unique molecular tags (UMI) with blocked 5′ ends areligated to the 5′ end of the DNA, leaving a nick at the 3′ end of thetarget fragment. The stem-loop adaptors do not have single-strandoverhangs preventing ligation to each other, both of which contribute tonon-specific background found with many other NGS preparations. Instead,the stem-loop adapters contain a cleavable replication stop base. In thefinal step, the 3′ ends of the DNA are extended to complete librarysynthesis and Illumina-compatible indexes are added through ahigh-fidelity amplification. Any remaining free adaptors are degraded.Ligation reactions can be inefficient, which creates the potential oflower yields when mutational sample input is limited. Further, thisapproach does not select for specific targets.

In the NEBNext Direct target enrichment approach (New England Biolabs),DNA is fragmented to about 150-200 bp in length. The fragmented DNA israpidly hybridized to biotinylated oligonucleotide “baits” that definethe 3′ end of each target of interest. Such oligonucleotide baits aredesigned for both the top and bottom strands of each target. Thebait-target hybrids are bound to streptavidin beads, and any 3′ offtarget sequence is trimmed enzymatically, to generate a blunt end. Thiscombination of a short hybridization time with the enzymatic removal of3′ off target sequence enables greater sequencing efficiency relative toconventional hybridization-based enrichment methods. The trimmed targetsare then converted into Illumina-compatible libraries that includeunique molecular identifiers (UMI) and a sample barcode. This conversionis accomplished as follows. The blunt end is dA-tailed with terminaltransferase, allowing for ligation of a hairpinned loop sequence to thesingle-stranded dA overhang. Next, the probe is extended with a DNApolymerase to generate a copy of the original fragment and generatedouble-stranded DNA with random 5′ ends. These ends are blunted (with T4polymerase or DNA polymerase 1), and the 5′ end either contained aphosphate from the original fragmentation, or a phosphate is added usingT4 kinase. This new end is now suitable for ligating on an adapter tothe original target strand comprising a UMI sequence. The adapterhairpin loop is then cleaved, thus creating a top strand comprising of a5′ adapter sequence, an UMI sequence, a stretch of 5′ target sequence,the desired target region up to the 3′ end complementary to the bait, apolydA sequence, and then a 3′ adapter sequence. This top strand maythen be melted off the streptavidin beads, purified, and then issuitable for amplification with Illumina or Ion Torrent adapterscontaining patient identifier barcodes. Sequence-ready libraries aregenerated within one day. The procedure is compatible with mostautomated liquid handling instruments. Although the technique isdesigned to be highly efficient in capturing just the desired fragments,it is also a lengthy, multi-step procedure, with the potential of loweryields when mutational sample input is limited.

In the QIAseq targeted RNA sequencing approach (Qiagen Inc.) uniqueidentifiers are appended to RNA sequences, allowing for their preciseenumeration. After purifying the RNA sample, reverse transcriptase isused to synthesize cDNA. A composite primer comprising of a first 5′universal sequence, an internal 12-base molecular tag (i.e. a UMI) and agene-specific 3′ portion is used to make an extension product off thecDNA. After extension, the reaction is cleaned up to remove unreactedprimers. This is followed by a first stage PCR using a universal primerand a second gene-specific primer comprising a second 5′ universalsequence. According to the manufacturer, the first gene-specific primersand the second gene-specific primers “never see each other, therebyminimizing primer dimers.” After the first PCR, there is an additionalreaction clean-up step. This is followed by a second-stage PCR, usingthe universal adapter sequences to append Illumina or Ion Torrentadapters containing patient identifier barcodes. Sequence-readylibraries are generated within 6 hours. Since each initial cDNA moleculehas presumably been extended by a primer comprising an UMI, one cancount how many original transcripts of each RNA molecule are present bymatching transcript with unique UMI, and thus distinguish 5 replicatesof 1 transcript from 5 unique transcripts of the same gene. Thetechnique is designed to enumerate RNA fragments as in RNA-seq, but forvery specific desired fragments. Although it may also be adapted toidentify low-abundant mutations, the multi-wash procedure creates thepotential of lower yields when mutational sample input is limited.

In the Oncomine Cell-Free DNA assays for liquid biopsy clinical research(ThermoFisher Scientific), a two-step PCR reaction is used to amplifytarget sequences directly from cfDNA. Both forward and reverse compositeprimers comprise a first/second 5′ universal sequence, an internalunique molecular tag (i.e. a UMI) and a gene-specific 3′ portion. Afterexactly two cycles of PCR two composite double-stranded products areformed. The first product comprises the top-strand primer extensionproduct, the top-strand target sequence, and the complement of thebottom-strand primer including the second universal sequence; hybridizedto the initial extension of the bottom-strand primer including thebottom-strand target sequence. The second product comprises thebottom-strand primer extension product, the bottom-strand targetsequence, and the complement of the top-strand primer including thefirst universal sequence; hybridized to the initial extension of thetop-strand primer including the top-strand target sequence. Thus, both atop and a bottom strand contain universal adapter sequences and uniqueUMI sequences arising from each initial target strand. The targetamplicons are then captured on a solid support purified from thegene-specific primers. The products are released from the solid supportand then are suitable a second-stage PCR, using the universal adaptersequences to append Ion Torrent adapters containing patient identifierbarcodes. Sequence-ready libraries are generated within a few hours, andthen may be combined for further template preparation using emulsion PCRon beads. This approach is very rapid and robust; however, it doesrequire the extra step of physically removing initial gene-specificprimers, as well as a cleanup/size selection after the second PCR step(presumably to eliminate primer dimers), and it is unclear if thisprocedure creates the potential of lower yields when mutational sampleinput is limited.

The present invention is directed at overcoming these and otherdeficiencies in the art.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the present invention relates to a system for identifyinga plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample. This system comprisesan inlet port and a cartridge. The cartridge defines a space containingmultiple primary reaction chambers fluidically coupled to the inlet portto receive material from the inlet port and produce primary reactionchamber products from the material. The space also contains a productcapture housing enclosing a solid support with a plurality of separatecolumns of a plurality of product capture subunits with each separateproduct capture subunit comprising an array of a plurality of individualhydrophilic micro-pores or micro-wells separated by hydrophobic surfaceswhere primary reaction products are further reacted to create arrayproducts. The array products are detected in the micro-pores ormicro-wells, where one or more of the columns of separate productcapture subunits receive material which has passed through one of themultiple primary reaction chambers.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a system foridentifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample. Thesystem includes: an inlet port; an outlet port; and a cartridgecomprising an array of micro-pores or micro-wells, with the cartridgefluidically coupling the inlet port and the outlet port. The cartridgedefines a space containing multiple primary reaction chambersfluidically coupled to the inlet port to receive material from the inletport and produce primary reaction chamber products from the material.The space also contains multiple secondary reaction chambers, one ormore of which are fluidically coupled to one of the multiple primaryreaction chambers to receive material from one of the multiple primaryreaction chambers, and to produce secondary reaction chamber products.At least some of the multiple primary and secondary reaction chambersare configured to maintain a trough of liquid in the multiple primaryand secondary reaction chambers to facilitate mixing of sample,reagents, and/or product reactants for generating subsequent reactionchamber or array products. The space also contains multiple mixingchambers each fluidically coupled to one of the multiple secondaryreaction chambers to receive material from one of the multiple secondaryreaction chambers and to discharge material to the product capturehousing so that each column of separate product capture subunits isfluidically coupled to one of the one or more mixing chamber to receivematerial from one of the one or more mixing chambers. The space alsocontains a product capture housing enclosing a solid support with aplurality of separate columns of a plurality of product capture subunitswith each separate product capture subunit comprising an array of aplurality of individual hydrophilic micro-pores or micro-wells separatedby hydrophobic surfaces where secondary reaction products are furtherreacted to create array products. The array products are detected in themicro-pores or micro-wells, where one or more of the columns of separateproduct capture subunits receive material which has passed through oneof the multiple primary reaction chambers.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a system foridentifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample. Thesystem includes: an inlet port; an outlet port; and a cartridgefluidically coupling the inlet port and the outlet port. The cartridgedefines a space containing a product capture housing enclosing a solidsupport with a plurality of separate columns of product capturesubunits. Each separate product capture subunit comprises an array of aplurality of individual hydrophilic micro-pores separated by hydrophobicsurfaces each having opposed first and second open ends with the firstend having a large diameter and the second end having a diameter whichis smaller than that of the first end. The product capture housingcomprises a plurality of fluid channels to permit material to pass fromthe inlet port through a column of the product capture subunits intocontact with the array of micro-pores in those subunits, and to theoutlet port, where the plurality of fluid channels are located above andbelow the solid support.

A further aspect of the present invention relates to a method forpreparing a system for identifying a plurality of nucleic acid moleculesin a sample. The method comprises providing the system of the presentinvention and applying universal tag or capture oligonucleotide primersor probes to the micro-pores or micro-wells of the product capturesubunits on the solid support within the product capture housing. As aresult, the universal tag or capture oligonucleotide primers or probesare retained within the micro-pores or micro-wells.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a process ofidentifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample using thesystem of the present invention. Following filling of the one or moreprimary reaction chambers and/or the one or more secondary reactionchambers, (if present), the process comprises conducting the primaryand/or secondary reactions in the system and detecting the presence oftarget nucleic acid molecules in the sample in the micro-wells ormicro-pores based on carrying out the primary and/or secondaryreactions.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a process ofidentifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample using thesystem of the present invention. Following the carrying out the primaryand/or secondary reactions, the products of such reactions are amplifiedin the micro-wells or micro-pores under conditions where a polymerase,exonuclease, endonuclease, or ribonuclease cleaves one or more probescomprising a quencher and fluorescent group in a target-specific manner,such that fluorescent groups are liberated to generate signal if thetarget nucleic acid molecules are present in the sample.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a process ofidentifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample using thesystem of the present invention. The process comprises providing asample containing a plurality of target nucleic acid molecules, and thencontacting the sample with a set of primary oligonucleotide primershaving a first portion complementary to a portion of the target nucleicacid molecules and a second portion and a polymerase to form apolymerase chain reaction mixture. This mixture is subjected to apolymerase chain reaction in the primary reaction chambers to produce aset of amplification products. The amplification products are passed tothe product capture housing enclosing a solid support with a pluralityof separate columns of a plurality of capture subunits with eachseparate product capture subunit comprising an array of a plurality ofindividual micro-pores containing immobilized captures probescomplementary to the second portion. The target nucleic acid moleculesare captured and copied onto the immobilized capture probes. Thenucleotide sequence of the immobilized target nucleic acid molecules isobtained by carrying out sequencing reactions in the micro-pores.

The present invention also relates to a process for preparing amicrotiter plate for identifying a plurality of nucleic acid moleculesin a sample. This involves providing a microtiter plate with a pluralityof separate rows and columns of product capture subunits with eachseparate product capture subunit comprising an array of a plurality ofindividual hydrophilic micro-wells separated by hydrophobic surfaces.The micro-wells of the microtiter plate are filled with an aqueousliquid containing oligonucleotide primers and/or probes. The microtiterplate is centrifuged to spread the aqueous liquid to unfilledmicro-wells in each separate product capture subunit in the microtiterplates. Centrifuging is then terminated to urge the aqueous liquid outof contact with the hydrophobic surfaces. The aqueous liquid isevaporated, and the micro-wells are dried so that the oligonucleotideprimers are left in the micro-wells.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a system foridentifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample. Thissystem comprises an inlet port; an outlet port; and a cartridgefluidically coupled to the inlet port and the outlet port. The cartridgedefines a space containing a product capture housing enclosing a solidsupport with a plurality of separate columns of product capturesubunits. Each separate product capture subunit comprises an array of aplurality of individual hydrophilic micro-pores separated by hydrophobicsurfaces each having opposed first and second open ends with the firstend having a large diameter and the second end having a diameter whichis smaller than that of the first end. The product capture housingcomprises a plurality of fluid channels to permit material to pass fromthe inlet port through a column of the product capture subunits intocontact with the array of micro-pores in those subunits, and to theoutlet port, wherein the plurality of fluid channels are located aboveand below the solid support.

The present invention provides a set of devices, chambers, and assaysfor determining the cause of disease directly from a blood sample.Nucleic acids are purified from the clinical sample, targeted regionsare subjected to a series of amplification reactions, and targets areidentified or enumerated using either real-time PCR or sequencing as areadout.

This invention aims to help address the major diagnostic clinicalchallenges facing the U.S. and the world. The largest unmet need is todetect cancer at the earliest stage. An accessible and accurate earlydetection test has the potential to save over 300,000 lives annually inthe U.S. and over 4,000,000 lives globally; it can save $300 billion inannual healthcare costs in the U.S. alone. One potential solution tothis challenge is to provide a process and system for assaying multipleDNA mutational and methylation changes simultaneously, at thesingle-molecule level of sensitivity, as described in the presentapplication. The same assay may also be used to monitor “cancer markerload” in the blood, to monitor how effectively a given treatment iskilling residual cancer cells after surgery. A related challenge is tomonitor the patient for early recurrence of the cancer, at a time whenalternative treatments may still be effective. The present inventionprovides the flexibility to track cancer markers using either Taqman™assays, sequencing, or both.

Infectious disease testing is migrating from single pathogen detectionto symptom-based, or blood-borne pathogen detection. The presentinvention has the potential to provide accurate viral or bacterial loadvalues for hundreds of targets simultaneously, to guide physicians tomake clinically actionable decisions. For example, a patient sufferingfrom a respiratory illness may be simultaneously tested for: all strainsof influenza and Parainfluenza viruses, Adenovirus, Coronavirus,Rhinovirus, Enterovirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Mycobacteriumtuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Group A Strep, Mycoplasmapneumoniae, Haemophilus Influenzae, etc. For blood-borne pathogens, thepresent invention may be used to distinguish: Staphylococcus, MRSA,Streptococcus, Enterococcus (VRE), Listeria, Acinetobacter,Enterobacter, E. coli (including toxin producers), Klebsiella (includingKPC's), Pseudomonas, Proteus, Candida, Cryptococcus, Neisseria,Haemophilus, etc. International travelers with symptoms of fever may betested to distinguish Zika virus from viral hemorrhagic fevers (Dengue,Yellow Fever, West Nile, arenaviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses, andother flaviviruses) or other viruses (Influenza, RSV, SARS, Chikungunya,rubella, measles, parvovirus, enterovirus, adenovirus, and alphavirusinfection), or parasitic causes (malaria) or bacterial causes (group Astreptococcus, rickettsia, borrelia, leptospirosis).

Non-invasive Prenatal Testing is currently being used to distinguishchromosomal copy anomalies using either chromosomal fragment countingvia direct sequencing, or ligation-based detection with array-basedquantification. The present invention's ability to accurately identifyand enumerate targets at the single-molecule level would provide anopportunity to provide highly accurate results at lower costs. As anexample, the enabling of more complete blood-based testing forlife-threatening autosomal and X-linked recessive Mendelian disorders:Trisomy 21, 18, 13, Turner Syndrome, Kleinfelder Syndrome (Chromosomalcopy anomalies); Duchenne and Beckers Muscular dystrophies, CysticFibrosis, and other inherited diseases.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1D illustrate schematic diagrams of a solid support suitablefor fluidic coupling to a cartridge, comprised of subdivisions eachsubdivision comprising of micro-pores or micro-wells for subsequentqPCR, UniTaq, FRET, qLDR, or sequencing reactions and targetidentification. In FIG. 1A, each subdivision is 400-micronwide×600-micron long (drawn as rectangular sections), comprising of 24micro-pores or micro-wells with 50-micron diameter. Additional100-micron wide ridges are used between subdivisions to provideseparation of subdivisions and additional structural support. These arerepresented as the “white” areas between the rows and columns ofrectangular subdivisions. In FIG. 1B, each subdivision is 600-micronwide×400-micron long (drawn as rectangular sections), comprising of2,760 micro-pores or micro-wells with 5-micron diameter. Additional100-micron wide ridges are used between subdivisions to provideseparation of subdivisions and additional structural support. In FIG.1C, each subdivision is 800-micron wide×1,200-micron long (drawn asrectangular sections), comprising of 96 micro-pores or micro-wells with50-micron diameter. Additional 200-micron wide ridges are used betweensubdivisions to provide separation of subdivisions and additionalstructural support. In FIG. 1D, each subdivision is 400-micronwide×600-micron long (drawn as rectangular sections), comprising of2,760 micro-pores or micro-wells with 5-micron diameter. Additional100-micron wide ridges are used between subdivisions to provideseparation of subdivisions and additional structural support.

FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic front view of a fluidic connection ofmicro-channels to the array of micro-wells or micro-pores, with50-micron diameter. FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic front view of anexemplary design for pre-chambers to allow for liquids to be fluidicallymoved to the chambers comprising of thousands of micro-wells ormicro-pores. In this illustration, the input sample is fluidicallyconnected to a large hexagonal chamber (bottom), which is fluidicallyconnected to a first set of 12 diamond chambers (4 each containinglarge, medium, and small troughs, respectively), which are fluidicallyconnected to a second set of 24 diamond chambers (2 each, containinglarge and small troughs, respectively), which are fluidically connectedto 24 long narrower mixing chambers, which are fluidically connected tothe chambers comprising of micro-wells or micro-pores (top of panel,with only 2 rows illustrated in the magnified front view).

FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic front view of a fluidic connection ofmicro-channels to the array of micro-pores, with 5-micron diameter. FIG.3 illustrates a schematic front view of another exemplary design forpre-chambers to allow for liquids to be fluidically moved to thechambers comprising of millions of micro-pores, suitable for Taqman™ orsequencing reactions. In this illustration, the input sample isfluidically connected to a large hexagonal chamber (bottom), which isfluidically connected to a first set of 8 hexagonal chambers (4 eachcontaining large and small troughs, respectively), which are fluidicallyconnected to a second set of 16 hexagonal chambers (2 each containinglarge and small troughs, respectively), which are fluidically connectedto 16 long narrower mixing chambers, which are fluidically connected tothe chambers comprising of micro-wells or micro-pores (top of panel,with only 2 rows illustrated in the magnified front view).

FIGS. 4A-4C illustrate a schematic front view (FIG. 4A), across-sectional view taken along line B-B of FIG. 4A (FIG. 4B), and across-sectional view taken along line C-C of FIG. 4A (FIG. 4C) views of50-micron micro-wells in a solid support, showing how ridges between thechambers are connected to a plate to help direct fluidic flow andprovide structural stability. The illustration also is relevant for 5 or2.5-micron micro-pores, except there would be more micro-poresillustrated within each chamber. In one embodiment, the vertical ridgesare flush with the top and bottom plates, while the horizontal ridgeshave indentations or channel enabling liquid to flow up the columns, butnot from one column to the next.

FIGS. 5A-5C illustrate schematic front view (FIG. 5A), a cross-sectionalview taken along line B-B of FIG. 5A (FIG. 5B), and a cross-sectionalview taken along line C-C of FIG. 5A (FIG. 5C) views of 50-micronmicro-wells in a solid support, showing how ridges between the chambersare connected to the two plates to help direct fluidic flow and providestructural stability. The illustration also is relevant for 5 or2.5-micron micro-pores, except there would be more micro-poresillustrated within each chamber. In this illustration, the front of thechambers is the area between the lighter plate and the micro-pores withthe wider diameter, while the back of the chambers is the area betweenthe darker plate and the micro-pores with the narrower diameter. Theback plate may be pressed against a heating element to allow fortemperature control, heating, and/or thermocycling. In one embodiment,the vertical ridges are flush with the top and bottom plates, while thehorizontal ridges have indentations or channel enabling liquid to flowup the columns, but not from one column to the next.

FIGS. 6A-6C illustrate schematic front view (FIG. 6A), a cross-sectionalview taken along line B-B of FIG. 6A (FIG. 6B), and a cross-sectionalview taken along line C-C of FIG. 6A (FIG. 6C) views of 50, 5 or2.5-micron micro-pores in a solid support, which is like FIG. 13, butnow illustrating how bottom of the 50, 5, or 2.5-micron micro-pores hasanother layer of 0.5-micron holes on silicon nitride 200 to 400nanometers thick, enabling filling of the 5 or 2.5-micron micro-poreswith liquid from the front, allowing air, but not liquid to escapethrough the 0.5-micron pores at the back. In this illustration, thefront of the chambers is the area between the lighter plate and themicro-pores with the wider diameter, while the back of the chambers isthe area between the darker plate and the micro-pores with the narrowerdiameter. The back plate may be pressed against a heating element toallow for temperature control, heating, and/or thermocycling.

FIGS. 7A-7I illustrate schematic front views of various designs forpre-chambers that can undergo various tasks involving mixing differentreagents, undergoing various amplification reactions, or saving aportion of said amplification reaction for subsequent use in the nextreaction, or for fluidically moving liquids to the chambers comprisingof micro-wells or micro-pores. FIG. 7A shows a chamber with trough forretaining a small portion of the reactants after draining. FIG. 7B showsa chamber with trough for retaining a medium portion of the reactantsafter draining. FIG. 7C shows a chamber with trough for retaining alarge portion of the reactants after draining. FIG. 7D depicts a chamberwith two troughs for retaining one or two small portions of thereactants after draining. FIG. 7E shows a chamber with two troughs forretaining one medium and/or one small portion of the reactants afterdraining. FIG. 7F depicts a chamber with trough for retaining a largeportion of the reactants after draining, and additional barrier assuresthat the second reaction fluid is directed downward to fully mix withproducts previously remaining from the first reaction. FIG. 7G is likeFIG. 7A, except the reagents are introduced from the side instead of thebottom of the chamber. FIG. 7H is similar to FIG. 7G; however, a greateramount of product is retained in the bottom of the chamber. FIG. 7I islike FIG. 7H, with some additions to allow for aqueous liquid and oillayers to move independently. In FIG. 7I, the chamber is like FIG. 7H,with some additions.

FIGS. 8A-8C illustrate schematic front views of various designs forpre-chambers to allow for liquids to be fluidically to the chamberscomprising of micro-wells or micro-pores. FIG. 8A is an example offluidically coupling primers and/or probes (gray circles) within 8chambers that then empty into longer narrower chambers and into rows ofmicro-wells or micro-pores, for ultimately drying down within orcovalently linking to the interior surfaces of micro-wells ormicro-pores. FIG. 8B is an example of fluidically coupling reagents to4+4 chambers that then empty into longer narrower chambers. The leftside is coated, or made from plastic that is very hydrophobic, while theright side is either barely hydrophobic, or somewhat hydrophilic. FIG.8C is like FIG. 8A, but with only 4 chambers, and with an extra plasticridge or divider.

FIGS. 9A-9B illustrate schematic side views of embodiments for fillingmicro-pores, as illustrated from FIG. 5A and FIG. 6B. FIG. 9A showsmicro-pores open from both the top and bottom. Primers (and probes) arefluidically introduced into the micro-pores from the top, whilesimultaneously oil is introduced from the bottom. Subsequently theaqueous solution is chased from the top region with oil, such that theprimers/probes are fluidically isolated. The primers may be immobilizedor dried down. FIG. 9B show micro-pores open from the top and withanother layer of 0.5-micron holes on silicon nitride 200 to 400nanometers thick, enabling filling of the 50, 5, or 2.5-micronmicro-pores with liquid from the front, allowing air, but not liquid toescape through the 0.5-micron pores at the bottom.

FIG. 10 illustrates a schematic front view of embodiments for fillingreaction chambers prior to filling the micro-wells or micro-pores. Thesetup comprises of two sets of reaction chambers, each having a trough,and the second set is pre-spotted with appropriate ligation probeoligonucleotides (gray circle). A light-oil cap is introduced at thebottom, followed by an aqueous liquid comprising of target, PCR primers,and PCR reagents, which is then fluidically moved into the first set ofreaction chambers using heavy oil. After the PCR step, the oils and mostof the aqueous reaction are drained, leaving a portion of product in thetroughs of the two initial chambers. The chambers are again filled withlight oil, followed by LDR reagents and enzymes, and this aqueousreaction mixture is then fluidically moved into the second set ofreaction chambers (where it mixes with the pre-spotted LDR primers)using heavy oil.

FIGS. 11A-11B illustrate schematic front views of embodiments forfilling micro-pores, as illustrated from FIG. 5A and FIG. 6B), forperforming real-time PCR reactions, such as Taqman™ or UniTaq reactions.The illustrations start with micro-pores that have been pre-filled with1-4 UniTaq primer sets (or alternatively, 1-4 universal tag primer setswith target-specific Taqman™ probes), and dried down. The diagram is notto scale and is for illustrative purposes. In FIG. 11A, tailed targetsor ligated probes are fluidically introduced into the micro-pores fromthe bottom front, while simultaneously oil is introduced from the bottomback. Subsequently oil is flowed in from the front, to chase the aqueousliquid out of the non-productive volume and into the micro-pores, whilesimultaneously covering each separate micro-pore on the front with oil.In FIG. 11B, all surfaces are hydrophobic, except the inside surfaces ofthe micro-pores, and the silicon nitride with the 0.5-micron holes. Asaqueous fluid is pumped from the bottom front it enters the micro-poresfrom the front, displaces air out the back and does not push through the0.5-micron silicon nitride pores. As the aqueous liquid fills themicro-pores from the front, oil is flowed in from the front, to chasethe aqueous liquid out of the non-productive volume and into themicro-pores, while simultaneously covering each separate micro-pore onthe front with oil. The back of the chambers may be filled with oil.Each micro-pore is fluidically isolated and suitable for subsequentindependent amplification and thermal cycling reactions.

FIG. 12 illustrates a schematic side view of embodiments for fillingmicro-pores, as illustrated from FIG. 6, for performing sequencingreactions. In this example, all surfaces are hydrophobic, except theinside surfaces of the micro-pores, and the silicon nitride with the0.5-micron holes. As aqueous fluid is pumped from the bottom front itenters the micro-pores from the front, displaces air out the back anddoes not push through the 0.5-micron silicon nitride pores. As theaqueous liquid fills the micro-pores from the front, oil is flowed infrom the front, to chase the aqueous liquid out of the non-productivevolume and into the micro-pores, while simultaneously covering eachseparate micro-pore on the front with oil. The back is also filled withoil. Each micro-pore is fluidically isolated and suitable for subsequentindependent thermal cycling reactions to amplify and immobilize templatestrands onto the solid support on the interior surface of the pores. Theoil is chased from the front chamber, while opposite strand product isdenatured and with other products and primers washed away. A heavy oilplug is used to plug the bottom of the front chamber while the back isrinsed to provide an array with immobilized target strands clonallyamplified within micro-pores suitable for sequencing.

FIGS. 13A-13B illustrate a schematic front view of the chamber formatusing micro-wells or micro-pores as described in FIGS. 1 and 6. FIG. 13Ais a micro-well format where the subdivisions are 800-micronwide×1200-micron long (drawn as rectangular sections), comprising of 96micro-wells with 50-micron diameter. Additional 200-micron wide ridgesare used between subdivisions to provide separation of subdivisions andadditional structural support. These are represented as the “white”areas between the rows and columns of rectangular subdivisions. FIG. 13Bis an overview of microfluidic chambers for sequencing on an array ofmicro-pores in a microtiter plate format. In the magnification, only 2double-columns and 1 double-row of subdivisions comprising 2,072micro-pores each are shown. In one embodiment, feeding into the chamberscontaining the micro-pores are a series of individual openings that maybe fluidically closed or open to entry of reagents, enzymes, targets orpre-amplified targets up all the chambers of a given column usingacoustic droplet ejection. Entry of fluids into the individual openingswhen using acoustic droplet ejection may be facilitated by feeding thedroplets into a series of hydrophilic input chambers, which subsequentlyfeeds into the columns of micro-pores. In this schematic illustration,each individual opening is connected to a hydrophilic input chamber,which feeds into two columns of micro-pores. In addition, the chambersare also fluidically coupled to allow for entry of reagents from oneentry port into all the chambers and exit on the other side into asingle waste or exit port. Once the hydrophilic input chamber isproperly filled with the reagents, enzymes, targets or pre-amplifiedtargets, those openings are closed, and then oils or other reagents areadded through the one entry port to fluidically move the input solutionsinto the micro-pores for further reactions.

FIG. 14 illustrates a schematic side view of the micro-titer plateformat using micro-wells in chambers as described in FIG. 13A suitablefor pre-filling with appropriate primers and probes. Step A shows theside view of one chamber within the hydrophobic plate, comprising of50-micron hydrophilic wells with ridges on each side. In step B, theplate is flipped upside-down and filled with 1-4 UniTaq primer sets (oralternatively, 1-4 universal tag primer sets with mutation ormethylation-specific Taqman™ probes) using acoustic droplet ejection. Instep C, the plate is centrifuged, spreading the aqueous liquid to theempty micro-wells, while step D illustrates that after centrifugation,droplets will form over the micro-wells as the aqueous solution avoidsthe hydrophobic surface. In step E, the aqueous solution is evaporated,leaving the dried primer/probe sets in the well (Illustrated in step F).

FIG. 15 illustrates a schematic side view of the micro-titer plateformat using micro-wells in chambers as described in FIG. 13A, andpre-filled with the appropriate Taqman™ or UniTaq primers and probes.Step A shows the side view of one chamber within the hydrophobic plate,comprising of 50-micron hydrophilic wells with ridges on each side. Instep B, the plate is flipped upside-down and filled with reagentsuitable for real-time amplification (i.e. Taqman™ reaction) and targetDNA, using acoustic droplet ejection. In step C, overlay the aqueouslayer with hydrophobic mineral oil. In step D, the plate is transferredto a swinging bucket rotor for centrifugation. The denser aqueous liquidspreads to empty micro-wells. In step E, the plate is moved to thethermocycler. The droplets separate into individual micro-wells coveredby mineral oil and suitable for amplification.

FIG. 16 illustrates an exemplary PCR-PCR-qPCR procedure with Taqman™readout to identify or relatively quantify unknown pathogens.

FIG. 17 illustrates an exemplary PCR-PCR-qPCR procedure with UniTaqreadout to identify or relatively quantify unknown pathogens.

FIG. 18 illustrates an exemplary PCR-PCR-qPCR procedure with Split probeUniTaq (UniRq) readout to identify or relatively quantify unknownpathogens.

FIG. 19 illustrates an exemplary PCR-LDR-qPCR procedure with Taqman™readout to identify or relatively quantify unknown pathogens.

FIG. 20 illustrates an exemplary PCR-LDR-qPCR procedure with UniTaqreadout to identify or relatively quantify unknown pathogens.

FIG. 21 illustrates an exemplary PCR-LDR-qPCR procedure with Split probeUniTaq (UniSpTq) readout to identify or relatively quantify unknownpathogens.

FIG. 22 illustrates an exemplary PCR-qLDR (UniLDq) procedure withuniversal split probe readout to identify or relatively quantify unknownpathogens.

FIG. 23 illustrates an exemplary PCR-qLDR (TsLDq) procedure withtarget-specific split probe readout to identify or relatively quantifyunknown pathogens.

FIG. 24 illustrates a schematic front view of a portion of an exemplarydesign for pre-chamber loading to allow for liquids to be fluidicallymoved to the chambers comprising of micro-wells or micro-pores. Thisdesign illustrates the chamber architecture and micro-wells ormicro-pores suitable for performing Multiplexed PCR-Nested PCR-UniTaqdetection. (Alternatively, Multiplexed PCR-Nested PCR-Real-time-PCR withtarget-specific Taqman™ probes), for unknown pathogen identification andquantification. The gray circles symbolize areas of prefilling rows orcolumns with different primer or probe sets.

FIGS. 25A-25B illustrate schematic side views of cartridge, and valve,setup for running Multiplexed PCR-Nested PCR-Real-time-PCR with UniTaqor target-specific Taqman™ probes assays using a micro-pore platecomposed of thousands of micro-pores. FIG. 25A is a schematic front viewillustrating fluidic connection of micro-channels to the array ofmicro-wells or micro-pores, with 50-micron diameter. In FIG. 25B, themicro-pore plate is fluidically accessible from both sides of the pores:the first side (top of plate, illustrated on left side of plate) is incommunication with Valves 1, 2, & 3 while the second side (bottom ofplate, illustrated on right side of plate) is in communication withValves 4 & 5.

FIG. 26 illustrates an exemplary PCR-PCR-qPCR procedure with Taqman™readout to identify or relatively quantify unknown pathogens directlyfrom blood.

FIG. 27 illustrates an exemplary PCR-PCR-qPCR procedure with UniTaqreadout to identify or relatively quantify unknown pathogens directlyfrom blood.

FIG. 28 illustrates an exemplary PCR-LDR-qPCR carryover preventionreaction with Taqman™ readout to identify or relatively quantifylow-level mutations.

FIG. 29 illustrates an exemplary PCR-LDR-qPCR carryover preventionreaction with UniTaq readout to identify or relatively quantifylow-level mutations.

FIG. 30 illustrates a front view of a portion of an exemplary design forpre-chamber loading to allow for liquids to be fluidically moved to thechambers comprising of micro-wells or micro-pores. This designillustrates the chamber architecture and micro-wells or micro-poressuitable for performing Multiplexed PCR-LDR-UniTaq detection, foridentifying and quantifying unknown mutations at low-level in plasma.(Alternatively, use Multiplexed PCR-LDR-Real-time-PCR withmutation-specific Taqman™ probes). The gray circles symbolize areas ofprefilling rows or columns with different primer or probe sets.

FIG. 31 illustrates an exemplary PCR-LDR-qPCR (with optional carryoverprevention) reaction with Taqman™ readout to identify or relativelyquantify low-level methylations.

FIG. 32 illustrates an exemplary PCR-LDR-qPCR (with optional carryoverprevention) reaction with UniTaq readout to identify or relativelyquantify low-level methylations.

FIG. 33 illustrates an exemplary RT-PCR-LDR-qPCR reaction with UniTaqreadout to identify or relatively quantify wild-type and alternativelyspliced mRNA transcripts.

FIG. 34 illustrates a front view of a portion of an exemplary design forpre-chamber loading to allow for liquids to be fluidically moved to thechambers comprising of micro-wells or micro-pores. This designillustrates the chamber architecture and micro-wells or micro-poressuitable for performing Multiplexed RT-PCR-LDR-UniTaq detection, foridentifying and quantifying both rare and over-expressed lncRNA, mRNA,or splice variants. (Alternatively, use MultiplexedPCR-LDR-Real-time-PCR with target-specific Taqman™ probes). The graycircles symbolize areas of prefilling rows or columns with differentprimer or probe sets.

FIG. 35 illustrates an exemplary fragment identifier PCR method withsequencing-by-synthesis readout to identify mutations in one strand ofunknown pathogens. In this example, products are distributed intomicro-pores or beads into micro-pores containing immobilized second tagsequence primer.

FIG. 36 illustrates an embodiment of the fragment identifier PCR methodwhere the first tag primer is present in larger amounts than both insolution and (longer) immobilized second tag primers, to maximizeproduct yield per micro-pore.

FIG. 37 illustrates another embodiment of the fragment identifier PCRmethod where the in solution first tag primers comprise two different 5′portions, and with added 5′ portion primers, which are present in largeramounts than both in solution, and (longer) immobilized second tagprimer, to maximize product yield per micro-pore.

FIG. 38 illustrates another embodiment of the fragment identifier PCRmethod where the in solution first tag primer comprises dA35, and withadded dA35 with GC rich toehold primer, are present in larger amountsthan both in solution, and (longer) immobilized second tag primer, tomaximize product yield per micro-pore.

FIG. 39 illustrates a front view of a portion of an exemplary design forpre-chamber loading to allow for liquids to be fluidically moved to thechambers comprising of micro-wells or micro-pores. This designillustrates the chamber architecture and micro-wells or micro-poressuitable for performing Multiplexed PCR-Nested PCR-sequencing, forunknown pathogen identification. The gray circles symbolize areas ofprefilling rows or columns with different primer or probe sets. Thediagram is not to scale and is for illustrative purposes.

FIG. 40 illustrates an exemplary fragment identifier PCR method withsequencing-by-synthesis readout to identify low-abundance mutations inone target strand of cfDNA. In this example, products are distributedinto micro-pores or beads into micro-pores containing immobilized secondtag sequence primer.

FIG. 41 illustrates an exemplary fragment identifier PCR method withsequencing-by-synthesis readout to identify low-abundance mutations inone target strand, across overlapping fragments of cfDNA. In thisexample, second tag sequence primers are biotinylated, and captured onstreptavidin-coated beads to be distributed in micro-pores, or directlyon streptavidin-coated micro-pores.

FIG. 42 illustrates an exemplary fragment identifier PCR method withsequencing-by-synthesis readout to identify low-abundance mutations inone target strand, across overlapping fragments of cfDNA. In thisexample, products are distributed into micro-pores or beads intomicro-pores containing immobilized second tag sequence primer.

FIG. 43 illustrates additional detail of the PCR amplification witheither biotinylated or immobilized second tag sequence primer, showingshorter amplicons form panhandles, which do not amplify, while thedesired longer products amplify on the solid support.

FIG. 44 illustrates another embodiment of an exemplary fragmentidentifier PCR method with sequencing-by-synthesis readout to identifylow-abundance mutations in one target strand, across overlappingfragments of cfDNA. In this drawing, two target-specific primerscomprising the second tag sequence are illustrated. In this example,products are distributed into micro-pores or beads into micro-porescontaining immobilized second tag sequence primer.

FIG. 45 illustrates another embodiment of an exemplary fragmentidentifier PCR method with sequencing-by-synthesis readout to identifylow-abundance mutations in one target strand, across overlappingfragments of cfDNA. In this drawing, two target-specific primerscomprising the first tag sequence are illustrated. In this example,products are distributed into micro-pores or beads into micro-porescontaining immobilized second tag sequence primer.

FIG. 46 illustrates an exemplary fragment identifier PCR method withsequencing-by-synthesis readout to identify low-abundance mutations inboth target strands, across overlapping fragments of cfDNA. In thisexample, products are distributed into micro-pores or beads intomicro-pores containing immobilized first tag sequence primer. By usingdifferent nested primers containing the second tag sequence, the regionamplified from the top strand differs from the region amplified from thebottom strand, and thus readout arising from the top and bottom strandsequences can be distinguished.

FIG. 47 illustrates an exemplary fragment identifier PCR method withsequencing-by-synthesis readout to identify SNPs and enumerate copynumber of both locus-specific strands of cfDNA. In this example,products are distributed into micro-pores or beads into micro-porescontaining immobilized first tag sequence primer. By using differentnested primers containing the second tag sequence, the region amplifiedfrom the top strand differs from the region amplified from the bottomstrand, and thus readout arising from the top and bottom strandsequences can be distinguished.

FIG. 48 illustrates a front view of a portion of an exemplary design forpre-chamber loading to allow for liquids to be fluidically moved to thechambers comprising of micro-wells or micro-pores. This designillustrates the chamber architecture and micro-wells or micro-poressuitable for performing Multiplexed PCR-Nested PCR-sequencing, foridentifying unknown mutations at low-abundance in plasma, or fornon-invasive prenatal testing of trisomy in plasma. The gray circlessymbolize areas of prefilling rows or columns with different primer orprobe sets.

FIGS. 49A-49B illustrate a schematic side view of cartridge and valvesetup for identifying unknown mutations at low-abundance in plasma,using Fragment identifier PCR-sequencing. FIG. 49A is a schematic frontview illustrating fluidic connection of micro-channels to the array ofmicro-pores, with 5-micron diameter. FIG. 49B is a fluidics system forFragment Identifier PCR-sequencing using a micro-pore plate composed ofmillions of micro-pores. The micro-pore plate is fluidically accessiblefrom both sides of the pores: the first side (top of plate, illustratedon left side of plate) is in communication with Valves 1, 2, & 3 whilethe second side (bottom of plate, illustrated on right side of plate) isin communication with Valves 4, 5, & 6.

FIG. 50 illustrates a schematic side view of cartridge and valve setupfor identifying unknown mutations at low-abundance in plasma, usingFragment Identifier PCR-sequencing. Step A involves providing a microplate fluidic connection of micro-channels to the array of micro-pores,with 5-micron diameter. Step B shows initial reactions are performed inseparate wells, and then acoustic droplet ejection is used to push theappropriate reagents, enzymes, buffers, targets and/or pre-amplifiedtargets into openings that lead to input chambers and columns comprisingmillions of micro-pores. Step C shows the plate fluidically coupled to 4valves. The micro-pore plate is fluidically accessible from both sidesof the pores: the first side (illustrated as top of plate) is incommunication with Valves 1 & 3 while the second side (illustrated asbottom of plate) is in communication with Valves 2 & 4.

FIG. 51 illustrates an exemplary Bsh1236I-Bisulfite-Fragment IdentifierPCR method with sequencing-by-synthesis readout to identifylow-abundance methylations in one target strand of cfDNA. In thisexample, products are distributed into micro-pores or beads intomicro-pores containing immobilized second tag sequence primer.

FIG. 52 illustrates a front view of a portion of an exemplary design forpre-chamber loading to allow for liquids to be fluidically moved to thechambers comprising of micro-wells or micro-pores. This designillustrates the chamber architecture and micro-wells or micro-poressuitable for performing Multiplexed PCR-Nested PCR-sequencing andBsh1236I-Bisulfite-Multiplexed PCR-Nested PCR-sequencing for identifyingunknown mutations and methylations at low-abundance in plasma.

FIG. 53 illustrates an exemplary fragment identifier RT-PCR method withsequencing-by-synthesis readout to identify low- and medium-abundancelncRNA, mRNA, and splice-site variants, isolated from CTC's or exosomes.In this example, products are distributed into micro-pores or beads intomicro-pores containing immobilized second tag sequence primer.

FIG. 54 illustrates a front view of a portion of an exemplary design forpre-chamber loading to allow for liquids to be fluidically moved to thechambers comprising of micro-wells or micro-pores. This designillustrates the chamber architecture and micro-wells or micro-poressuitable for performing Multiplexed RT-PCR-Nested PCR-UniTaq detectionfor identifying low- and medium-abundance lncRNA, mRNA, and splice-sitevariants, isolated from CTC's or exosomes. (Alternatively, MultiplexedPCR-Nested PCR-Real-time-PCR with transcript-specific Taqman™ probes.)The gray circles symbolize areas of prefilling rows or columns withdifferent primer or probe sets.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the present invention relates to a system for identifyinga plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample. This system comprisesan inlet port and a cartridge. The cartridge defines a space containingmultiple primary reaction chambers fluidically coupled to the inlet portto receive material from the inlet port and produce primary reactionchamber products from the material. The space also contains a productcapture housing enclosing a solid support with a plurality of separatecolumns of a plurality of product capture subunits with each separateproduct capture subunit comprising an array of a plurality of individualhydrophilic micro-pores or micro-wells separated by hydrophobic surfaceswhere primary reaction products are further reacted to create arrayproducts. The array products are detected in the micro-pores ormicro-wells, where one or more of the columns of separate productcapture subunits receive material which has passed through one of themultiple primary reaction chambers.

In one embodiment, the system for identifying a plurality of nucleicacid molecules in a sample of the present invention further comprises anoutlet for discharging material from the product capture housing.

In another embodiment of the system for identifying a plurality ofnucleic acid molecules in a sample of the present invention, the spacedefined by the cartridge further contains one or more initial reactionchambers into which the inlet port discharges material and from whichmaterial is discharged into the multiple primary reaction chambers.

In yet another embodiment of the system for identifying a plurality ofnucleic acid molecules in a sample of the present invention, the spacedefined by the cartridge further contains multiple secondary reactionchambers, one or more of which are fluidically coupled to one of themultiple primary reaction chambers to receive material from one of themultiple primary reaction chambers. The space also contains multiplemixing chambers each fluidically coupled to one of the multiplesecondary reactions chambers to receive material from one of themultiple secondary reaction chambers and to discharge material to theproduct capture housing so that each column of separate product capturesubunits is fluidically coupled to one of the one or more mixingchambers to receive material from one of the one or more mixingchambers.

In accordance with this embodiment of the system for identifying aplurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample of the presentinvention, at least some of the multiple primary and secondary reactionchambers are configured to maintain a trough of liquid in the multipleprimary and secondary reaction chambers.

In another embodiment of the system for identifying a plurality ofnucleic acid molecules in a sample of the present invention, where thespace defined by the cartridge further contains multiple secondaryreaction chambers and multiple mixing chambers, the multiple primaryand/or secondary reaction chambers each have an internal baffle tomaintain a trough of liquid in the multiple primary and secondaryreaction chambers.

In yet another embodiment of the system for identifying a plurality ofnucleic acid molecules in a sample of the present invention, where thespace defined by the cartridge further contains multiple secondaryreaction chambers and multiple mixing chambers, the multiple primaryand/or secondary reaction chambers each have one or more of internalbaffles to maintain a plurality of troughs of liquid in the multipleprimary and secondary reaction chambers.

In a further embodiment of the system for identifying a plurality ofnucleic acid molecules in a sample of the present invention, where thespace defined by the cartridge further contains multiple secondaryreaction chambers and multiple mixing chambers, each of the mixingchambers includes a divider extending from proximate to where materialenters the mixing chamber to proximate to where material leaves themixing chambers.

In another embodiment of the system for identifying a plurality ofnucleic acid molecules in a sample of the present invention, where thespace defined by the cartridge further contains multiple secondaryreaction chambers and multiple mixing chambers, each of the mixingchambers includes a first surface which is highly hydrophobic and asecond surface spaced from, and less hydrophobic than, the firstsurface, where the first and second surfaces extend from proximate towhere material enters the mixing chamber to proximate to where materialleaves the mixing chambers.

In yet another embodiment of the system for identifying a plurality ofnucleic acid molecules in a sample of the present invention, where thespace defined by the cartridge further contains multiple secondaryreaction chambers and multiple mixing chambers, the primary reactionchambers and/or the secondary reaction chambers comprise an internalsurface on to which oligonucleotide primers or probes can be spotted.

In another embodiment of the system for identifying a plurality ofnucleic acid molecules in a sample according to the invention, theproduct capture subunits comprise an array of a plurality of individualmicro-pores each having opposed first and second open ends with thefirst end having a large diameter and the second end having a diameterwhich is smaller than that of the first end.

This system may further comprise a mesh screen covering the second endsof the micro-pores in the product capture housing or a bead placed inthe individual micro-pores.

In a further embodiment of the system for identifying a plurality ofnucleic acid molecules in a sample of the invention, the product capturesubunits comprise an array of a plurality of individual micro-wells eachhaving an open end and a closed end.

In another embodiment of the system for identifying a plurality ofnucleic acid molecules in a sample of the present invention, where thespace defined by the cartridge further contains multiple secondaryreaction chambers and multiple mixing chambers, the product capturehousing comprises a plurality of fluid channels to permit material topass from the multiple mixing chambers, through a column of the productcapture subunits into contact with the array of micro-pores ormicro-wells in those subunits.

The plurality of fluid channels may be located above and/or below thesolid support.

In another embodiment of the system for identifying a plurality ofnucleic acid molecules in a sample of the present invention, the systemmay further comprise one or more valves for selectively introducing orremoving reagents or reactants into or out of the cartridge through theinlet.

In a further embodiment of the system for identifying a plurality ofnucleic acid molecules in a sample of the present invention, the systemfurther comprises one or more valves for selectively introducing orremoving reagents or reactants into or out of the product capturehousing through the outlet port and/or through a location in the productcapture housing distal from the outlet port.

In yet another embodiment of the system for identifying a plurality ofnucleic acid molecules in a sample of the present invention, the systemfurther comprises one or more heating elements in the cartridgeproximate to the primary reaction chamber and/or the product capturehousing.

In another embodiment of the system for identifying a plurality ofnucleic acid molecules in sample of the present invention, when thespace defined by the cartridge further contains one or more initialreaction chambers into which the inlet port discharges material and fromwhich material is discharged into the multiple primary reactionchambers, the system may further comprise one or more heating elementsin the cartridge proximate to the initial reaction chambers.

In another embodiment of the system for identifying a plurality ofnucleic acid molecules in sample of the present invention, when thespace defined by the cartridge further contains multiple secondaryreaction chambers and multiple mixing chambers, the system may furthercomprise one or more heating elements in the cartridge proximate to oneof the secondary reaction chamber and/or the one or more of the mixingchambers.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a system foridentifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample. Thesystem includes: an inlet port; an outlet port; and a cartridgecomprising an array of micro-pores or micro-wells, with the cartridgefluidically coupling the inlet port and the outlet port. The cartridgedefines a space containing multiple primary reaction chambersfluidically coupled to the inlet port to receive material from the inletport and produce primary reaction chamber products from the material.The space also contains multiple secondary reaction chambers, one ormore of which are fluidically coupled to one of the multiple primaryreaction chambers to receive material from one of the multiple primaryreaction chambers, and to produce secondary reaction chamber products.At least some of the multiple primary and secondary reaction chambersare configured to maintain a trough of liquid in the multiple primaryand secondary reaction chambers to facilitate mixing of sample,reagents, and/or product reactants for generating subsequent reactionchamber or array products. The space also contains multiple mixingchambers each fluidically coupled to one of the multiple secondaryreaction chambers to receive material from one of the multiple secondaryreaction chambers and to discharge material to the product capturehousing so that each column of separate product capture subunits isfluidically coupled to one of the one or more mixing chamber to receivematerial from one of the one or more mixing chambers. The space alsocontains a product capture housing enclosing a solid support with aplurality of separate columns of a plurality of product capture subunitswith each separate product capture subunit comprising an array of aplurality of individual hydrophilic micro-pores or micro-wells separatedby hydrophobic surfaces where secondary reaction products are furtherreacted to create array products. The array products are detected in themicro-pores or micro-wells, where one or more of the columns of separateproduct capture subunits receive material which has passed through oneof the multiple primary reaction chambers.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a system foridentifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample. Thesystem includes: an inlet port; a second inlet location; an outlet port;and a cartridge fluidically coupling the inlet port, the second inletlocation, and the outlet port. The cartridge defines a space containinga product capture housing enclosing a solid support with a plurality ofseparate columns of product capture subunits with each separate productcapture subunit comprising an array of a plurality of individualmicro-pores. The product capture housing comprises a plurality of fluidchannels to permit material to pass from the inlet port and/or thesecond inlet location through a column of the product capture subunitsinto contact with the array of micro-pores in those subunits, and to theoutlet port, where the plurality of fluid channels are located above andbelow the solid support. One or more valves are used to selectivelyintroduce or remove reagents or reactants into or out of the productcapture housing through the inlet port, the outlet port and/or throughthe second inlet location in the product capture housing distal from theoutlet port.

A further aspect of the present invention relates to a method forpreparing a system for identifying a plurality of nucleic acid moleculesin a sample. The method comprises providing the system of the presentinvention and applying universal tag or capture oligonucleotide primersor probes to the micro-pores or micro-wells of the product capturesubunits on the solid support within the product capture housing. As aresult, the universal tag or capture oligonucleotide primers or probesare retained within the micro-pores or micro-wells.

The method for preparing a system for identifying a plurality of nucleicacid molecules in a sample of the present invention may further involvefilling the one or more primary reaction chambers with primary reactionoligonucleotide probes or primers each having a first portion comprisinga nucleotide sequence complementary to a portion of target nucleic acidsin the sample. In accordance with this embodiment, the primary reactionoligonucleotide probes or primers may further comprise a second portioncomprising a nucleotide sequence the same as or complementary to aportion of a universal tag or capture oligonucleotide primers, retainedwithin the mirco-pores or micro-wells.

A further aspect of the present invention relates to a method forpreparing a system for identifying a plurality of nucleic acid moleculesin a sample. The method involves providing a system of the presentinvention, where the system comprises an inlet port and a cartridge. Thecartridge defines a space containing multiple primary reaction chambersfluidically coupled to the inlet port to receive material from the inletport and produce primary reaction chamber products from the material; aproduct capture housing enclosing a solid support with a plurality ofseparate columns of a plurality of product capture subunits with eachseparate product capture subunit comprising an array of a plurality ofindividual hydrophilic micro-pores or micro-wells separated byhydrophobic surfaces where primary reaction products are further reactedto create array products which are detected in the micro-pores ormicro-wells, where one or more of the columns of separate productcapture subunits receive material which has passed through one of themultiple primary reaction chambers; multiple secondary reactionchambers, one or more of which are fluidically coupled to one of themultiple primary reaction chambers to receive material from one of themultiple primary reaction chambers; and multiple mixing chambers eachfluidically coupled to one of said multiple secondary reaction chambersto receive material from one of said multiple secondary reactionchambers and to discharge material to said product capture housing sothat each column of separate product capture subunits is fluidicallycoupled to one of said one or more mixing chamber to receive materialfrom one of said one or more mixing chambers. This method furtherinvolves applying universal tag or capture oligonucleotide primers orprobes to the micro-pores or micro-wells of the product capture subunitson the solid support within the product capture housing. As a result,the universal tag or capture oligonucleotide primers or probes areretained within the micro-pores or micro-wells.

This method may further involve filling the one or more primary reactionchambers and/or secondary reaction chambers with primary or secondaryreaction oligonucleotide probes or primers each having a first portioncomprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a portion of targetnucleic acids in the sample. In accordance with this embodiment, theprimary or secondary reaction oligonucleotide probes or primers mayfurther comprise a second portion comprising a nucleotide sequence whichis the same as or complementary to a portion of a universal tag orcapture oligonucleotide primers, retained within the micro-pores ormicro-wells.

In one embodiment of the methods for preparing a system for identifyinga plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample of the presentinvention, the product capture subunit comprises an array of individualmicro-pores each having opposed first and second open ends with thefirst end having a large diameter and the second end having a diameterwhich is smaller than that of the first end with a first passage influid communication with first end of the micro-pores and a secondpassage in fluid communication with the second end of the micro-pores,where the universal tag or capture oligonucleotide primers or probes areapplied to the micro-pores by a method comprising the following steps inthe sequence set forth as follows: passing the universal tag or captureoligonucleotide primers or probes through the first passage into themicro-pores through their first open ends while hydrophobic liquid ispassed through the second passage; passing a hydrophobic liquid throughthe first passage while the hydrophobic liquid is passed through thesecond passage; passing a volatile solvent through the first passagewhile the hydrophobic liquid is passed through the second passage; andpassing air through the first passage while heat, a hydrophobic liquid,a volatile solvent, and then air is passed through the second passage.

In another embodiment of the methods for preparing a system foridentifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample of thepresent invention, the product capture subunit comprises an array ofindividual micro-pores each having opposed first and second open endswith the first end having a large diameter and the second end having adiameter which is smaller than that of the first end with a firstpassage in fluid communication with first end of the micro-pores and asecond passage separated from the second end of the micro-pores by amesh screen covering the second ends, in fluid communication with asecond passage, where the detection or capture oligonucleotide primersor probes are applied to the micro-pores by a method comprising thefollowing steps in the sequence set forth as follows: passing theuniversal tag or capture oligonucleotide primers or probes through thefirst passage into the micro-pores through their first open ends;passing a hydrophobic liquid through the first passage to expel theuniversal tag or capture oligonucleotide primers or probes from thefirst passage; passing a hydrophobic liquid through the first passagewhile a hydrophobic liquid is passed through the second passage; passinga volatile solvent through the first passage while a hydrophobic liquidis passed through the second passage; and passing air through the firstpassage while heat, a hydrophobic liquid, a volatile solvent, and thenair is passed through the second passage.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a process ofidentifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample using thesystem of the present invention. Following filling of the one or moreprimary reaction chambers and/or the one or more secondary reactionchambers, (if present), the process comprises conducting the primaryand/or secondary reactions in the system and detecting the presence oftarget nucleic acid molecules in the sample in the micro-wells ormicro-pores based on carrying out the primary and/or secondaryreactions.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a process ofidentifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample using thesystem of the present invention. Following the carrying out the primaryand/or secondary reactions, the products of such reactions are amplifiedin the micro-wells or micro-pores under conditions where a polymerase,exonuclease, endonuclease, or ribonuclease cleaves one or more probescomprising a quencher and fluorescent group in a target-specific manner,such that fluorescent groups are liberated to generate signal if thetarget nucleic acid molecules are present in the sample.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a process ofidentifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample using thesystem of the present invention. The process of conducting the primaryand/or secondary reactions involves providing a sample containing aplurality of target nucleic acid molecules and contacting the samplewith a set of primary oligonucleotide primers having a first portioncomplementary to a portion of the target nucleic acid molecule or acomplement of the target nucleic acid molecule, and a polymerase to forma first polymerase extension or chain reaction mixture. This mixture issubjected to a first polymerase extension or chain reaction in the oneor more initial or primary reaction chambers to produce a first set ofextension or amplification products. These products are then contactedwith a set of secondary oligonucleotide primers having a first portioncomplementary to a portion of a primary extension or amplificationproduct and a polymerase to form a second polymerase chain reactionmixture. This second mixture is subjected to a second polymerase chainreaction in the primary or secondary reaction chambers to produce asecond set of amplification products, where each secondary amplificationproduct comprises a 5′ second portion sequence, a target nucleotidesequence-specific portion or its complement, and a 3′ second portioncomplementary sequence.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a process ofidentifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample using thesystem of the present invention. The process of conducting the primaryand/or secondary reactions involves providing a sample containing aplurality of target nucleic acid molecules and contacting the samplewith a set of primary oligonucleotide primers having a portioncomplementary to a portion of the target nucleic acid molecule or itsextension product and a polymerase to form a first polymerase extensionor chain reaction mixture. This mixture is subjected to a firstpolymerase chain reaction in the one or more initial or primary reactionchambers to produce a first set of extension or amplification products.These products are then contacted with a set of oligonucleotide probeshaving a first portion complementary to a portion of the first set ofamplification products and a second portion and a ligase to form aligase detection reaction mixture. This second mixture is subjected to aligase detection reaction in the primary or secondary reaction chambersto produce a set of ligation products, where each ligation productcomprises a 5′ second portion sequence, a target nucleotidesequence-specific portion or its complement, and a 3′ second portionsequence.

Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to a process ofidentifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample using thesystem of the present invention. The process of filling the one or moreprimary reaction chambers, if present, and the process of conducting theprimary and/or secondary reactions in the system are carried out by aprocess involving the following steps in the sequence set forth asfollows. Hydrophobic liquid is passed into the system through the inletport. Primary reaction oligonucleotide probes or primers andreverse-transcription and/or polymerase chain reaction reagents and thenhydrophobic liquid are passed into the system through the inlet port. Apolymerase extension or chain reaction is carried out in the system andmaterial is drained from the system through the inlet port. Hydrophobicliquid, polymerase chain reaction or ligase detection reaction reagents,and then hydrophobic liquid are passed into the system through the inletport and a polymerase chain reaction or ligase detection reaction iscarried out in the system.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a process ofidentifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample using thesystem of the present invention, where the product capture subunitcomprises an array of individual micro-pores. The micro-pores each haveopposed first and second open ends with the first end having a largediameter and the second end having a diameter which is smaller than thatof the first end with a first passage in fluid communication with firstend of the micro-pores and a second passage in fluid communication withthe second end of the micro-pores and where said conducting thesecondary reaction in the system is carried out by a process involvingthe following steps in the sequence set forth as follows. The productsof a polymerase chain reaction or a ligase detection reaction are passedinto the product capture housing through the first passage while passinghydrophobic liquid through the second passage. Hydrophobic liquid isthen passed through the first and second passages. The products of thepolymerase chain reaction or a ligase detection reaction are thensubjected to a polymerase chain reaction with universal tag primers andprobes within the micro-pores in the product capture subunit.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a process ofidentifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample using thesystem of the present invention, where the product capture subunitcomprises an array of individual micro-pores. The micro-pores each haveopposed first and second open ends with the first end having a largediameter and the second end having a diameter which is smaller than thatof the first end with a first passage in fluid communication with firstend of the micro-pores and a second passage in fluid communication with,and separated from, the second end of the micro-pores by a mesh screencovering the second ends of the micro-pores and where the process ofconducting the secondary reactions in the system are carried out by aprocess involving the following steps in the sequence set forth asfollows. The products of a polymerase chain reaction or a ligasedetection reaction are passed into the product capture housing throughthe first passage. Hydrophobic liquid is passed through the firstpassage. Then, hydrophobic liquid is passed through the first and secondpassages. The products of the polymerase chain reaction or the ligasedetection reaction are subjected to a polymerase chain reaction withuniversal tag primers and probes within the micro-pores in the productcapture subunit.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a process ofidentifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample using thesystem of the present invention, where in a sample, a plurality ofnucleic acid molecules containing a target nucleotide sequence differingfrom nucleotide sequences in other nucleic acid molecules in the sample,or other samples, by one or more nucleotides, one or more nucleotideinsertions or deletions, one or more copy numbers, one or moretranscript sequences, one or more translocations, and/or one or moremethylated residues are identified.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a process ofidentifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample using thesystem of the present invention, where preparing the system involvesfilling the one or more primary reaction chambers with primary reactionoligonucleotide probes or primers each having a first portion comprisinga nucleotide sequence complementary to a portion of target nucleic acidsin the sample. Following the process of filling the one or more primaryreaction chambers, the process further involves conducting the primaryreaction in the system and obtaining the nucleotide sequence of targetnucleic acid molecules in the sample following the process of conductingthe primary reaction.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a process ofidentifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample using thesystem of the present invention. The process comprises providing asample containing a plurality of target nucleic acid molecules andcontacting the sample with a set of primary oligonucleotide primershaving a first portion complementary to a portion of the target nucleicacid molecules and a second portion and a polymerase to form apolymerase chain reaction mixture. This mixture is subjected to apolymerase chain reaction in the primary reaction chambers to produce aset of amplification products. The amplification products are passed tothe product capture housing enclosing a solid support with a pluralityof separate columns of a plurality of capture subunits with eachseparate product capture subunit comprising an array of a plurality ofindividual micro-pores containing immobilized capture probescomplementary to the second portion. The target nucleic acid moleculesare captured and copied onto the immobilized capture probes. Thenucleotide sequence of the immobilized target nucleic acid molecules isobtained by carrying out sequencing reactions in the micro-pores.

In accordance with this embodiment, the product capture subunits maycomprise an array of a plurality of individual micro-pores each havingopposed first and second open ends with the first end having a largediameter and the second end having a diameter which is smaller than thatof the first end. The process may further involve a mesh screen coveringthe second ends of the micro-pores in the product capture housing.

In another embodiment, the process of identifying a plurality of nucleicacid molecules in a sample using the system of the present inventionfurther involves a bead containing the immobilized capture probes placedin the individual micro-pores.

In a further embodiment, the process of identifying a plurality ofnucleic acid molecules in a sample using the system of the presentinvention further involves removing at least one second portion from theamplification product before the process of obtaining the nucleotidesequence and after the subjecting the polymerase chain reaction mixtureto a polymerase chain reaction. The process of removing at least onesecond portion may be carried out with uracil DNA glycosylases,apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease, endonuclease III, endonuclease IV,endonuclease V, alkyladenine DNA glycosylase, formamidopyrimidine DNAglycosylase, or 8-oxyguanine DNA glycosylase, or combinations thereof.

Another embodiment relates to a process of identifying a plurality ofnucleic acid molecules in a sample using the system of the presentinvention. The process involves providing a system of the presentinvention and applying universal tag or capture oligonucleotide primersor probes to the micro-pores or micro-wells of the product capturesubunits on the solid support within the product capture housing, wherethe universal tag or capture oligonucleotide primers or probes areretained within the micro-pores or micro-wells. The process furtherinvolves filling the one or more primary reaction chambers with primaryreaction oligonucleotide probes or primers each having a first portioncomprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a portion of targetnucleic acids in the sample and conducting the primary reaction in thesystem. The process further involves obtaining the nucleotide sequenceof target nucleic acid molecules in the sample following the process ofconducting the primary reaction. The product capture subunit comprisesan array of individual micro-pores each having opposed first and secondopen ends with the first end having a large diameter and the second endhaving a diameter which is smaller than that of the first end with afirst passage in fluid communication with first end of the micro-poresand a second passage in fluid communication with, and separated from,the second end of the micro-pores by a mesh screen covering the secondends of the micro-pores and where the process of obtaining thenucleotide sequence is carried by a process comprising the followingsteps in the sequence set forth as follows. The products of a polymerasechain reaction are passed into the product capture housing through saidfirst passage. Hydrophobic liquid is then passed through the firstpassage, such that the products are distributed into individualmicro-wells. Next, hydrophobic liquid is passed through the first andsecond passages. The products are amplified in a polymerase chainreaction and/or isothermal reaction using the capture oligonucleotideprimers under conditions to generate amplification products that areimmobilized to the interior surface of the micro-wells. A volatilesolvent is then passed through the first passage while hydrophobicliquid is passed through the second passage. The products of thepolymerase chain reaction and/or isothermal reaction are denatured, andnon-anchored nucleic acid molecules are washed away through the firstpassage while hydrophobic liquid is passed through the second passages,such that the products are isolated in individual micro-wells.Hydrophobic liquid with a higher density than water is passed throughthe first passages while volatile solvent, air, and then sequencingreagents are passed through the second passages. A sequencing reactionis then carried out in the product capture subunit.

The present invention also relates to a process for preparing amicrotiter plate for identifying a plurality of nucleic acid moleculesin a sample. This involves providing a microtiter plate with a pluralityof separate rows and columns of product capture subunits with eachseparate product capture subunit comprising an array of a plurality ofindividual hydrophilic micro-wells separated by hydrophobic surfaces.The micro-wells of the microtiter plate are filled with an aqueousliquid containing oligonucleotide primers and/or probes. The microtiterplate is centrifuged to spread the aqueous liquid to unfilledmicro-wells in each separate product capture subunit in the microtiterplates. Centrifuging is then terminated to urge the aqueous liquid outof contact with the hydrophobic surfaces. The aqueous liquid isevaporated, and the micro-wells are dried so that the oligonucleotideprimers are left in the micro-wells.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a process ofidentifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample using theprocess of the present invention for preparing dried oligonucleotideprimers within micro-wells of a microtiter plate. This involves chargingan aqueous sample into the microtiter plate, followed by charging ahydrophobic liquid into the microtiter plate so that the hydrophobicliquid is over the aqueous sample. The microtiter plate is centrifugedto spread the aqueous liquid to unfilled micro-wells in the microtiterplate. Centrifuging is then terminated to urge the aqueous liquid out ofcontact with the hydrophobic surfaces. A nucleic acid moleculeamplification reaction is carried out under conditions where apolymerase, exonuclease, endonuclease, or ribonuclease cleaves one ormore probes comprising a quencher and fluorescent group in atarget-specific manner, such that fluorescent groups are liberated togenerate signal if the target nucleic acid molecules are present in thesample.

In accordance with this embodiment, a plurality of nucleic acidmolecules containing a target nucleotide sequence differing fromnucleotide sequences in other nucleic acid molecules in the sample, orother samples, by one or more nucleotides, one or more nucleotideinsertions or deletions, one or more copy numbers, one or moretranscript sequences, one or more translocations, and/or one or moremethylated residues are identified.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a system foridentifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample. Thissystem comprises an inlet port; an outlet port; and a cartridgefluidically coupled to the inlet port and the outlet port. The cartridgedefines a space containing a product capture housing enclosing a solidsupport with a plurality of separate columns of product capturesubunits. Each separate product capture subunit comprises an array of aplurality of individual hydrophilic micro-pores separated by hydrophobicsurfaces each having opposed first and second open ends with the firstend having a large diameter and the second end having a diameter whichis smaller than that of the first end. The product capture housingcomprises a plurality of fluid channels to permit material to pass fromthe inlet port through a column of the product capture subunits intocontact with the array of micro-pores in those subunits, and to theoutlet port, where the plurality of fluid channels are located above andbelow the solid support.

In one embodiment, the system for identifying a plurality of nucleicacid molecules in a sample further comprises one or more valves forselectively introducing or removing reagents and/or reactants into orout of the product capture housing through the inlet port or through theoutlet port.

In another embodiment for identifying a plurality of nucleic acidmolecules in a sample, the system further comprises one or more heatingelements in the cartridge proximate to the product capture housing.

The present invention relates to a method for preparing a system foridentifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample. Thismethod involves providing a system of the presented invention, where thesystem comprises an inlet port, an outlet port, and a cartridgefluidically coupling the inlet port and the outlet port and defining aspace, as described above. This method further involves applying captureoligonucleotide primers or probes to the micro-pores of the productcapture subunits on the solid support within the product capturehousing, where the capture oligonucleotide primers or probes areretained within the micro-pores or micro-wells. In one embodiment, thismethod further involves conducting the reactions in the system anddetecting the presence of target nucleic acid molecules in the sample inthe micro-pores based on the conducting the reactions.

The present invention provides a set of devices, chambers, and assaysfor determining the cause of disease directly from a blood sample.Nucleic acids are purified from the clinical sample, targeted regionsare subjected to a series of amplification reactions, and targets areidentified or enumerated using either real-time PCR or sequencing as areadout. An overview of the urgent clinical needs that may be addressedby these devices is presented in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Overview of Clinical Need in Determining Cause of DiseaseDirectly from a Blood Sample. Clinical Need: Primary 24-96 Readout:Identify i.e. disease PCR Secondary 24- and enumerate identified InitialMultiplex 96 Multiplex targets using directly from Reaction ReactionReaction Taqman ™ or Type blood or plasma Chamber Chambers ChambersSequencing 1 Unknown Multiplexed Multiplexed Real-time pathogen(s) PCRor RT- nested PCR Taqman ™, PCR (e.g. 9 (e.g. 5 cycles) UniTaq, orUniRq. cycles) Poisson Dist. & Ct values 2 Unknown MultiplexedMultiplexed Real-time pathogen(s) PCR or RT- LDR Taqman ™, PCR (e.g. 30(e.g. 20 UniTaq, or cycles) cycles) UniSpTq. Ct values 3 Identify andMultiplexed LDR (e.g. 50 genotype PCR or RT- cycles) with unknown PCR(e.g. 30 - UniLDq or TsLDq pathogen(s) 40 cycles) readout. Ct values 4Unknown Multiplexed Multiplexed Real-time bacterial PCR (e.g. 20 nestedPCR Taqman ™, pathogen cycles) (e.g. 10 UniTaq, or UniRq. directly fromcycles) Poisson Dist. from blood chambers 5 Mutation at MultiplexedMultiplexed Real-time low-level in locus-specific LDR Taqman ™ or plasmaPCR (e.g. 10 - (e.g. 20 UniTaq. Poisson 40 cycles) cycles) Dist. fromchambers 6 Methylation at Bsh1236I, Multiplexed Multiplexed Real-timelow-level in then treat locus-specific LDR Taqman ™ or plasma withbisulfite PCR (e.g. 10 - (e.g. 20 UniTaq. Poisson 40 cycles) cycles)Dist. from chambers 7 lncRNA, Multiplexed Multiplexed DifferentialReal-time mRNA, or RT-PCR (e.g. nested PCR dilutions Taqman ™ or splicevariants. 7-9 cycles). (e.g. 10 UniTaq. Poisson cycles) Dist. frommicro- pores. 8 Identify, Multiplexed Multiplexed Micro-poresTarget-specific, or quantify and PCR or RT- nested PCR contain tag-universal tag- genotype PCR (e.g. 10 (e.g. 5 cycles) specific specificunknown cycles) primers sequencing. pathogen(s) Poisson Dist. frommicro-pores. 9 Identify, Multiplexed Multiplexed Micro-poresTarget-specific, or quantify and PCR or RT- nested PCR contain one oruniversal tag- genotype PCR (e.g. 10 (e.g. 5 cycles) more specificunknown cycles) immobilized sequencing. pathogen(s) universal PoissonDist. from primer(s) micro-pores. 10 Unknown Multiplexed Micro-poresTarget-specific, or mutation at Frag. ID PCR contain one or universaltag- low-level in (e.g. 3 cycles) more specific plasma immobilizedsequencing. Frag. universal ID enumerates each primer(s) mutation;verify on both strands. 11 Non-invasive Multiplexed Micro-poresTarget-specific, or prenatal testing Frag. ID PCR contain one oruniversal tag- of trisomy (e.g. 3 cycles) more specific immobilizedsequencing. Frag. universal ID enumerates each primer(s) SNP,chromosomal copy; verify on both strands. 12 Unknown Bsh12361,Multiplexed Micro-pores Target-specific, or methylation at then treatFrag. ID PCR contain one or universal tag- low-level in with bisulfite(e.g. 3 cycles) more specific plasma immobilized sequencing. Frag.universal ID enumerates each primer(s) methylation; verify on bothstrands.

One of the primary challenges for detecting multiple unknown pathogensor mutations is to amplify all potential and desired fragmentssimultaneously while avoiding PCR dropout in a multiplexed reaction.Multiplexed PCR reactions may be difficult to optimize, and fragmentdropout has been a nagging problem. Often initial PCR cycles in therange of 8-12 cycles can maintain relative copy number, but when somefragments amplify more efficiently, they tend to out-amplify andoverwhelm less efficient fragments resulting in fragment dropout atlater cycles. One solution to this problem is to perform an initiallimited cycle multiplexed amplification, and then divide the productsinto 24 to 48 reaction chambers for subsequent amplification reactionsat far lower complexity. An additional solution is to dilute the initialamplification products into subdivisions comprising tens, hundreds, orthousands of micro-pores or micro-wells. A given micro-pore ormicro-well may then be used for 1 to 4 qPCR or individual sequencingreactions, thus allowing for accurate target enumeration orquantification, while minimizing the risks of PCR dropout.

One aspect of the invention is a set of subdivisions, preferablyarranged in rows and columns, each subdivision comprising of singledigits, tens, hundreds, or thousands of micro-pores or micro-wells forsubsequent qPCR, UniTaq, FRET, qLDR, or sequencing reactions and targetidentification. In the preferred embodiments, the presence of targetresults in a fluorescence readout. In some embodiments, the target isamplified and immobilized or coupled to a solid support within themicro-pores or micro-wells. Such immobilization may occur directly onthe interior surface on the micro-pores or micro-wells, on dendrimericprimers immobilized to the surface of the micro-pores or micro-wells, oron micro-beads that are either already distributed within micro-pores ormicro-wells prior to amplification or are distributed into micro-poresor micro-wells after the initial amplification Immobilization orcoupling to the solid support enables interrogating the amplified targetone or more times to determine the presence or absence of mutations,SNPs, or sequence variations within the target. This includes multiplerounds of ligation detection reactions (LDR), sequencing by synthesis,or sequencing by ligation.

Arrangement of subdivisions in rows and columns facilitates filling suchrows and columns with either universal or target-specific primers,enzymes, reagents, buffers, targets, or pre-amplified targets. Fillingmay be accomplished by flowing liquids across all subdivisions in givenrows or columns through fluidically coupled or connected channels, oralternatively by accurately dispensing liquids to individualsubdivisions, e.g. using acoustic droplet ejection (ADE) technology. Onemanufacturer of ADE equipment is Labcyte (Sunnyvale Calif.).

In one embodiment of the current invention, this flexible designarchitecture enables identification, genotyping, and/or quantificationof viral, bacterial, protozoal, malarial, or other pathogenic nucleicacids representing potentially 384, 768, or 1536 targets, mutations,resistance genes, pathogenesis genes and/or strain or serotype variants.Detecting bacterial DNA directly from blood is a particularly difficultchallenge, since yields are typically on the order of 1-2 colony formingunits per ml of blood; however, the spatial multiplexing approach maystill enable identification of 32, 64, or 128 potential targets. Whenusing the sequencing module as described below, the design enablesdetermining about 150 base reads for 1,536 potential pathogenic targets.

Another embodiment of the design uses spatial dilution (e.g. into 48sections) to enable accurate enumeration of copy number directly fromplasma for non-invasive pre-natal testing for trisomy (NIPT). Since theWatson strands should match the Crick strands in each of the 48sections, i.e. columns (since they are generated from a given fragmentwith one of each strand), this is an internal control for loss ofstrands or other errors. Multiple unique loci on Chromosomes 2(control), 13, 18, 21, X, and Y are used to establish copy number anddiscern trisomy or other chromosomal copy changes. In one embodiment,184 locus regions could be interrogated on both strands, but this couldbe increased to 368 or 736 locus regions.

Another embodiment of the design enables PCR-LDR-qPCR single-moleculemutation detection directly from plasma for up to 64 or 128 potentialtargets, with additional flexibility when multiple mutations in a gene(i.e. the mutations in K-ras codons 12 & 13) are scored by a singlesignal. A similar level of flexibility may be applied for identifyingand enumerating methylation of CpG sites in the promoter region ofselected genes. The ability to perform serial dilutions within thechambers enables exact enumeration of 384 RNA targets, including rareand overexpressed lncRNA, mRNA, or splice variants, for example isolatedfrom exosomes or platelets.

Another embodiment of the design enables determining low abundancemutations in 144 target regions, providing about 150 base reads for bothstrands, with accurate enumeration of each mutation. Sequencingmethylated regions allows for pre-enrichment of these areas, such thatover 2,000 methylated CpG promoter regions could be interrogated, evenif present at low abundance.

In one embodiment of the invention (see FIG. 1A), the subdivisions Z arepresent in columns A₁ to A_(ii) and rows B₁ to B_(v) and are 400-micronwide×600-micron long. Additional 100-micron wide ridges X and Y are usedbetween subdivisions Z to provide separation of subdivisions andadditional structural support. Such ridges may be designed to haveindentations or channels enabling fluid motion between subdivisions. Themicro-pores or micro-wells are made in the solid support, which maycomprise composites, plastics, metal, glass, silicon, silicon nitride,or mixtures thereof. The dimensions of the micro-pores or micro-wellsmay be 50-micron diameter, ranging from about 50-micron deep to400-micron deep, and may be opened (i.e. micro-pores) or closed (i.e.micro-wells) at the bottom. The bottom of the 50-micron micro-pores mayhave another layer of 0.5-micron holes on silicon nitride 200 to400-nanometers thick, enabling filling of the 50-micron micro-pores withliquid from the top, allowing air, but not liquid to escape through the0.5-micron pores at the bottom. Microporous silicon nitride membranescan be fabricated by well-recognized methods, such as photolithographypatterning and reactive ion etching of silicon nitride layers disposedon silicon wafer substrates (DesOrmeaux J P et al., “Nanoporous SiliconNitride Membranes Fabricated from Porous Nanocrystalline SiliconTemplates,” Nanoscale 6(18):10798-805 (2014), which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety). In one embodiment, eachsubdivision comprises 6×4=24 micro-pores or micro-wells of 50-microndiameter, generated in Cartesian or hexagonal packing. Such anembodiment is ideally suited for subsequent qPCR, UniTaq, FRET, or qLDRdetection.

TABLE 2 Different Embodiments of Micro-Wells or Micro-Pores in Cartridgeor Micro-Titer Plate Format. For Real-time PCR readout in cartridgeformat: 50-micron micro-pores or micro-wells. Subdivisions are400-micron wide × 600-micron long (high) Additional 100-micron wideridges between subdivisions A given subdivision will contain 6 × 4 = 24micro-pores or micro-wells. Total Width Height Total Micro-pores ColumnsRows subdivisions (cm) (cm) micro-pores per column 24 16 384 1.20 1.129,216 384 48 32 1,536 2.40 2.24 36,864 768 96 64 6,144 4.80 4.48 147,4561,536 For Real-time PCR readout in micro-titer plate format: 50-micronmicro-wells. Subdivisions are 800-micron wide × 1,200-micron longAdditional 200-micron wide ridges between subdivisions A givensubdivision will contain 12 × 8 = 96 micro-wells. 48 48 2,304 4.80 6.72221,184 4,608 64 64 4,096 6.40 8.96 393,216 6,144 For Sequencing readoutin cartridge & micro-titer plate format: 5-micron micro-pores.Subdivisions are 400-micron × 600-micron — both orientations Additional100-micron wide ridges between subdivisions A given subdivision willcontain 60 × 46 = 2,760 micro-pores or micro-pores. 24 16 384 1.20 1.121,059,840 44,160 48 32 1,536 2.40 2.24 4,239,360 88,320 96 64 6,144 4.804.48 16,957,440 176,640 24 32 768 1.68 1.60 2,119,680 88,320 48 64 3,0723.36 3.20 8,478,720 176,640 96 128 12,888 6.72 6.40 33,914,880 353,28096 96 9,216 4.80 6.72 25,436,160 264,960 Double 48 Double 48 2,304 4.806.72 25,436,160 529,920 128 128 16,384 6.40 8.96 45,219,840 353,280Double 64 Double 64 4,096 6.40 8.96 45,219,840 706,560

In another embodiment of the invention (FIG. 1B), the subdivisions Z arepresent in columns A₁ to A_(i) and rows B₁ to B_(ix) and are 400-micronwide×600-micron long. Additional 100-micron wide ridges X and Y are usedbetween subdivisions Z to provide separation of subdivisions andadditional structural support. Such ridges may be designed to haveindentations or channels enabling fluid motion between subdivisions. Themicro-pores or micro-wells are made in the solid support, which maycomprise composites, plastics, metal, glass, silicon, silicon nitride,or mixtures thereof. The dimensions of the micro-pores or micro-wellsmay be 5-micron diameter, ranging from about 5-micron deep to 40-microndeep, and may be open (i.e. micro-pores) or closed (i.e. micro-wells) atthe bottom. The bottom of the 5 micron micro-pores may have anotherlayer of 0.5-micron holes on silicon nitride 200 to 400-nanometersthick, enabling filling of the 5-micron micro-pores with liquid from thetop, allowing air, but not liquid to escape through the 0.5-micron poresat the bottom. In one embodiment, each subdivision comprises 60×46=2,760micro-pores or micro-wells of 5-micron diameter, generated in hexagonalpacking. Such an embodiment is ideally suited for subsequent sequencingby synthesis, or sequencing by ligation.

In another variation of the above embodiment, the subdivisions Z are400-micron wide×600-micron long, with 100-micron wide ridges X and Ybetween subdivisions. The dimensions of the micro-pores or micro-wellsmay be 2.5-micron diameter, ranging from about 2.5-micron deep to20-micron deep, and may be open (i.e. micro-pores) or closed (i.e.micro-wells) at the bottom. The bottom of the 2.5-micron micro-pores mayhave another layer of 0.5-micron holes on silicon nitride 200 to400-nanometers thick, enabling filling of the 2.5-micron micro-poreswith liquid from the top, allowing air, but not liquid to escape throughthe 0.5-micron pores at the bottom. In one embodiment, each subdivisioncomprises 100×92=11,040 micro-pores or micro-wells of 2.5-microndiameter, generated in hexagonal packing. Such an embodiment is ideallysuited for subsequent sequencing by synthesis, or sequencing byligation.

In another embodiment of the invention (see FIG. 1C), the subdivisions Zare present in columns A₁ to A_(i) and rows B₁ to B_(ii) and are800-micron wide×1200-micron long. Additional 200-micron wide ridges Xand Y are used between subdivisions Z to provide separation ofsubdivisions and additional structural support. Such ridges may bedesigned to have indentations or channels enabling fluid motion betweensubdivisions. The micro-wells are made in the solid support, which maycomprise composites, plastics, metal, glass, silicon, silicon nitride,or mixtures thereof. The dimensions of the micro-wells may be 50-microndiameter, ranging from about 50-micron deep to 400-micron deep. In oneembodiment, each subdivision comprises 12×8=96 micro-pores ormicro-wells of 50-micron diameter, generated in Cartesian or hexagonalpacking. Such an embodiment is ideally suited for subsequent qPCR,UniTaq, FRET, or qLDR detection.

In another embodiment of the invention (See FIG. 1D), the subdivisions Zare present in columns A₁ to A_(ii) and rows B₁ to B_(v) and are400-micron wide×600-micron long. Additional 100-micron wide ridges X andY are used between subdivisions Z to provide separation of subdivisionsand additional structural support. Such ridges may be designed to haveindentations or channels enabling fluid motion between subdivisions. Themicro-pores are made in the solid support, which may comprisecomposites, plastics, metal, glass, silicon, silicon nitride, ormixtures thereof. The dimensions of the micro-pores may be 5-microndiameter, ranging from about 5-micron deep to 40-micron deep. The bottomof the 5-micron micro-pores may have another layer of 0.5-micron holeson silicon nitride 200 to 400-nanometers thick, enabling filling of the5-micron micro-pores with liquid from the top, allowing air, but notliquid to escape through the 0.5-micron pores at the bottom. In oneembodiment, each subdivision comprises 60×46=2,760 micro-pores ormicro-wells of 5 micron diameter, generated in hexagonal packing. Suchan embodiment is ideally suited for subsequent sequencing by synthesis,or sequencing by ligation.

In another variation of the above embodiment, the subdivisions are 400micron wide×600-micron long, with 100-micron wide ridges betweensubdivisions. The dimensions of the micro-pores or micro-wells may be2.5-micron diameter, ranging from about 2.5-micron deep to 20-microndeep. The bottom of the 2.5-micron micro-pores may have another layer of0.5-micron holes on silicon nitride 200 to 400-nanometers thick,enabling filling of the 2.5-micron micro-pores with liquid from the top,allowing air, but not liquid to escape through the 0.5-micron pores atthe bottom. In one embodiment, each subdivision comprises 100×92=11,040micro-pores of 2.5-micron diameter, generated in hexagonal packing. Suchan embodiment is ideally suited for subsequent sequencing by synthesis,or sequencing by ligation.

The devices are envisioned to comprise an array of micro-pores ormicro-wells, that are fluidically connected to micro-fluidic channels.In one embodiment, the fluidically connected channels feed variousreagents and enzymes into a series of reaction chambers to enablepre-amplification reactions prior to moving the products into the arrayof micro-pores or micro-wells, for subsequent Taqman™ or sequencingreadout.

The left (bottom) portion of FIG. 2 is a schematic front viewillustrating fluidic connection of micro-channels to the array ofmicro-wells or micro-pores, with 50-micron diameter. In this portion ofFIG. 2, the microchannels are present in space 6 defined by cartridge 4having inlet 2 and outlet 8. The right (top) portion of FIG. 2 providesa more detailed view of the components within the cartridge andillustrates a schematic front view of an exemplary design forpre-chambers to allow for liquids to be fluidically moved to thechambers comprising of thousands of micro-wells or micro-pores. Thisdesign illustrates chamber architecture suitable for performingMultiplexed RT-PCR-Nested PCR-UniTaq detection, for identifying low- andmedium-abundance lncRNA, mRNA, and splice-site variants, isolated fromCTC's or exosomes, as will be described below. In this illustration, thesample input is fluidically connected to a large hexagonal chamber 10(bottom) through entrance 12, which is fluidically connected by conduits14 to a first set of 12 diamond chambers 16 (4 each containing largetroughs 18 c, medium troughs 18 b, and small troughs 18 a,respectively), which are fluidically connected by conduits 20 to asecond set of 24 diamond chambers 22 (2 each, containing large troughs24 a and small troughs 24 b, respectively), which are fluidicallyconnected by conduits 26 to 24 long narrower mixing chambers 28, whichare fluidically connected by conduits 30 to subdivisions 32 comprisingof micro-wells or micro-pores (top of panel, with only 2 rowsillustrated). The serpentine pathways may be designed to restrict fluidflow, such that all chambers at a given level fill equally. The diagramis not to scale, and is for illustrative purposes.

The left (bottom) portion of FIG. 3 is a schematic front viewillustrating fluidic connection of micro-channels to the array ofmicro-pores, with 5-micron diameter. In this portion of FIG. 3, themicrochannels are present in space 106 defined by cartridge 104 havinginlet 102 and outlet 108. The right (top) portion of FIG. 3 provides amore detailed view of the components within the cartridge andillustrates a schematic front view of another exemplary design forpre-chambers to allow for liquids to be fluidically moved to thechambers comprising of millions of micro-pores, suitable for Taqman™ orsequencing reactions. In this illustration, the input sample isfluidically connected to a large hexagonal chamber 110 (bottom) throughentrance 112, which is fluidically connected by conduit 114 to a firstset of 8 hexagonal chambers 116 (4 each containing large troughs 118 aand small troughs 118 b, respectively), which are fluidically connectedby conduits 120 to a second set of 16 hexagonal chambers 122 (2 eachcontaining large through 124 a and small troughs 124 b, respectively),which are fluidically connected by conduit 126 to 16 long narrowermixing chambers 128, which are fluidically connected by conduits 130 tosubdivisions 132 comprising of micro-pores (top of panel, with only 2rows illustrated). The second set of 16 hexagonal chambers 122 areillustrated as slightly offset with each other, to allow for largerliquid volumes in each chamber, while maintaining a tight architecture.The fluidic pathways may be designed to restrict fluid flow, such thatall chambers at a given level fill equally. The diagram is not to scale,and is for illustrative purposes.

FIGS. 4A-4C provide a schematic front (FIG. 4A), a schematic topcross-sectional view taken along line B-B in FIG. 4A (FIG. 4B), and aschematic side cross-sectional view taken along line C-C in FIG. 4A(FIG. 4C) of 50-micron micro-wells in subdivisions 232 of a solidsupport, with a plate 204 to help direct fluidic flow. The illustrationalso is relevant for 5 or 2.5-micron micro-pores 202, except there wouldbe more micro-pores illustrated within each chamber. The diagram is notto scale and is for illustrative purposes. It provides an example ofhexagonal spacing of the wells. In this embodiment, the interiorsurfaces of the micro-wells have a hydrophilic surface, while theexterior surface is hydrophobic, such that when flowing aqueous liquidcontaining target or pre-amplified target and/or primers over themicro-wells, (e.g. from bottom to top), the aqueous liquid fills eachmicro-well. When subsequently flowing a hydrophobic liquid, (i.e.mineral oil, silicone oil, fluorinated oil, or perfluorodecalin) overthe wells, the aqueous liquid will remain in the separate wells coveredby the hydrophobic liquid, allowing subsequent enzymatic oramplification reactions to proceed independently in each isolated well.

In one embodiment of FIG. 4, the surface of the plate is hydrophobic. Inanother embodiment, the surface of the plate is hydrophilic. In oneembodiment, liquid is moved in from the bottom and out through the top,with one or more valves controlling input and output from the chambers.Flow of aqueous liquid into the micro-wells from bottom to top may befacilitated by applying positive pressure from the bottom, i.e. pumpingthe liquid into the chambers with the top part open to air, and/or byapplying negative pressure (i.e. pulling a syringe, or partial vacuum)from the top. Flow rates may be adjusted by using different combinationsof pressure.

FIGS. 5A-5C provide a schematic front view (FIG. 5A), a schematic topcross-sectional view taken along line B-B in FIG. 5A (FIG. 5B), and aschematic side cross-sectional view taken along line C-C in FIG. 5A(FIG. 5C) of 50-micron micro-pores 202 in subdivisions 232 a solidsupport, which is like FIGS. 4A-4C, but with front plate 204 and backplate 206. In this illustration, the front of the chambers is the areabetween the front plate and the micro-pores with the wider diameter,while the back of the chambers is the area between the back plate andthe micro-pores with the narrower diameter. The back plate may bepressed against a heating element to allow for temperature control,heating, and/or thermocycling.

Both FIGS. 4A-4C & 5A-5C illustrate how ridges between the subdivisionsare connected to plates 204 and 206 to help direct fluidic flow andprovide structural stability. The illustration also is relevant for 5 or2.5-micron micro-pores, except there would be more micro-poresillustrated within each chamber. The diagram is not to scale and is forillustrative purposes. In one embodiment, the vertical ridges are flushwith the plates, while the horizontal ridges have indentations orchannel enabling liquid to flow up the columns, but not from one columnto the next. In another embodiment, suitable for initially pre-fillingspecific primers in rows, a temporary and complementary plate is usedwith horizontal ridges that have bumps to close the channels betweencolumns, as well as provide extra height to enable liquid to flow acrossthe rows and not from one row to the next. After filling the rows withdesired primer sets, as the liquid evaporates, the primers concentrateonto the hydrophilic surface within the micro-pores, the plate may beremoved to facilitate that evaporation, and then the final plate addedback on, to enable flow up the columns, through the rows, but not fromone column to the next. Ridges on the back of the solid support thatcontains the micro-pores also are of similar architecture in attachingto the back plate, such that liquid flows up the columns in the back aswell. The position of the channels or indentations in the horizontalridges may be offset to provide desired structural support. The exactdimensions of ridges, indentations, or channels in the horizontal ridgesmay be optimized to avoid dead-space with suboptimal fluid flow, i.e. inthe corner of a given chamber.

FIGS. 6A-6C provide a schematic front view (FIG. 6A), a schematic topcross-sectional view taken along line B-B in FIG. 6A (FIG. 6B), and aschematic side cross-sectional view taken along line C-C in FIG. 6A(FIG. 6C) views of 50, 5, or 2.5-micron micro-pores 202 in a solidsupport 232, which is like FIGS. 5A-5C, but now illustrating how bottomof the 50, 5, or 2.5-micron micro-pores has another layer 238 of 0.5micron holes on silicon nitride 200 to 400-nanometers thick, enablingfilling of the 50, 5, or 2.5-micron micro-pores with liquid from thefront, allowing air, but not liquid to escape through the 0.5-micronpores at the back. In these illustrations, the front of the chambers isthe area between front plate 204 and the micro-pores with the widerdiameter, while the back of the chambers is the area between the backplate 206 and the micro-pores with the narrower diameter. The back plate206 may be pressed against a heating element to allow for temperaturecontrol, heating, and/or thermocycling. In one embodiment, the surfacesof both plates 204 and 206 are hydrophobic. In another embodiment, thesurface of one plate is hydrophilic, while the other is hydrophobic. Inanother embodiment, the surfaces of both plates are hydrophilic. Thediagrams are not to scale and are for illustrative purposes.

In the sections below, descriptions are provided of the differentmicro-fluidic chamber architecture, as well as illustrations of how thevarious chambers, micro-wells, and/or micro-pores are filled withliquids suitable for subsequent nucleic acid amplification, detection,and/or sequencing reactions.

FIGS. 7A-7I provide schematic front views of various designs forpre-chambers that can undergo various tasks involving mixing differentreagents, undergoing various amplification reactions, or saving aportion of said amplification reaction for subsequent use in the nextreaction, or for fluidically moving liquids to the chambers comprisingof micro-wells or micro-pores. In general, the fluids enter from thebottom port and exit from the top port. In several follow-up examples,multiple chambers of the same size and type are filled simultaneously.In these examples, the chambers are made of generally hydrophobicmaterial, the liquid is hydrophilic, and in the examples, a small amountof low-density hydrophobic oil (i.e. mineral oil) is used to seal thetop of each chamber to allow for thermocycling without losing theaqueous portion of the liquid. Optionally, chasing behind the aqueousliquid may be a denser hydrophobic liquid such as fluorinated oil, orperfluorodecalin to seal the bottom of these chambers. Further, thedensity and viscosity of the aqueous layer may be adjusted usingadditives such as glycerol (which does influence enzymatic activity whenused above 10% v/v), or other compounds that enhance enzyme stability orenhance amplification of GC-rich targets, such as betaine, ectoine,hydroxyectoine, mannosylglycerate, mannosylglyceramide, diglycerolphosphate, or other sugars or sugar derivatives. In FIG. 7A, a smallplug of mineral oil leads the aqueous reaction components as the liquidis pumped into the chamber. The mineral oil reaches the top exit portand seals the chamber, the chamber is filled with aqueous liquid, andthe bottom entry port is sealed with fluorinated oil. After thermalcycling (or other reaction), the liquids are withdrawn, leaving behind asmall volume of aqueous liquid held in the shallow trough on the left ofthe entry port. When new reagents are introduced, they will mix with theamplification products of the previous reaction. FIG. 7B is the same asFIG. 7A; however, a greater amount of the product is retained in thetrough. FIG. 7C is the same as FIG. 7A; however, almost half of theproduct is retained in the trough. FIG. 7D is a variation of FIG. 7A,where some primer sets may be printed in the second trough on the right.Under these conditions, products from a first reaction in a lowerchamber may be fluidically pushed into this second chamber, such thatthey fill the first (left-side) trough, but do not go above the secondtrough. The fluids are removed leaving behind a small volume of aqueousliquid held in the shallow trough on the left of the entry port. Whennew reagents are introduced, they will mix with the amplificationproducts of the previous reaction, as well as the primers deposited inthe second trough. In this manner, a primary PCR may be followed by asecondary LDR or PCR reaction. Note that when withdrawing liquid fromthe secondary reaction, products are left behind in both the left andright-side troughs. FIG. 7E is a variation of FIG. 7D, with the firsttrough being larger to retain more of the first set of products. FIG. 7Fis like FIG. 7C, except a second piece of plastic assures that thesecond reaction fluid is directed downward to fully mix with productspreviously remaining from the first reaction. FIG. 7G is like FIG. 7A,except for introducing the reagents from the side instead of the bottomso that the chamber can retain some product from the first reaction forsubsequent mixing with a second reaction. FIG. 7H is like FIG. 7G;however, a greater amount of product is retained in the bottom of thechamber. In FIG. 7I, the chamber is like FIG. 7H, with some additions.When mineral oil is pushed up the entrance, some enters the two thinhydrophobic tubes, while the rest enters the side of the chamber. Thisis followed by aqueous liquid, which does not enter the thin hydrophobicopenings, but completely pushes into the reaction chamber, with a smallplug of mineral oil ahead of it. The mineral oil reaches the top exitport and seals the chamber, the chamber is filled with aqueous liquid,the two thin tubes are also filled with mineral oil, and the bottomentry port is sealed with fluorinated oil. After the reaction, whenwithdrawing liquid, the mineral oil empties from the two thin tubes, andair follows. Whatever products are created in the chamber stay there.These may be fluidically be pushed into the next chamber when sufficientaqueous fluid is added to push the liquid past the top air opening.

FIGS. 8A-8C provide schematic front views of various designs forpre-chambers to allow for liquids in conduits 14, 20, 26, and 30 to befluidically moved to the chambers comprising of micro-wells ormicro-pores. FIG. 8A is an example of fluidically coupling primersand/or probes (gray circles 17) within 8 chambers 16 that then empty byway of conduits 26 into longer narrower chambers 28 and subdivisions 32of micro-wells or micro-pores, for ultimately drying down within orcovalently linking to the interior surfaces of micro-wells ormicro-pores. In one embodiment, during manufacture of the cartridge,rows are pre-filled with 1-4 UniTaq primer sets (or alternatively, 1-4universal tag primer sets with target-specific Taqman™ probes). In oneembodiment, a temporary plate is used to provide a fluidic pathwayacross the rows of micro-wells or micro-pores, while isolating each rowfrom each other. The grey circles on the top of the drawing illustratepotential position for delivering or printing primer sets, for exampleby acoustic droplet ejection, capillary, inkjet, or quill printing.After printing, microfluidic channels may be used to distribute primersets into each row and dried down into individual micro-wells ormicro-pores. Once the primer sets are appropriately delivered and driedin place, the temporary plate is removed, and replaced with thepermanent cover to provide a fluidic pathway up the columns ofmicro-wells or micro-pores, while isolating each column from itsneighbor column. FIG. 8B is an example of fluidically coupling reagentsto 4+4 chambers 16 and 22, with troughs 18 and 24 and baffles 23, thatthen empty into longer narrower chambers 28 and then to conduits 30 andsubdivisions 32. In this illustration, the gray circles 25 representspecific primers suitable for polymerase and/or ligase-based DNAamplification reactions. The left side of the longer chambers are coatedwith, or made from, plastic that is very hydrophobic, while the rightside is either barely hydrophobic, or somewhat hydrophilic. When a smallplug of mineral oil is pushed out of the initial chambers it naturallymigrates towards the left, allowing the aqueous reactants that follow itto sweep directly into the columns comprising of micro-wells ormicro-pores (upper portion of figure). Thus, if filling the micro-wellsor micro-pores is best served by first being exposed to aqueous liquid(to avoid trapped air bubbles occluding movement of liquid), then thistrick removes the mineral oil out of the way. FIG. 8C is a schematiclike FIG. 8B, where there of fluidically coupling reagents to 4 chambers16, with troughs 18 and baffles 19 that then empty into longer narrowerchambers 28 and then to subdivisions 32. In this illustration, the graycircles 17 represent specific primers suitable for polymerase and/orligase-based DNA amplification reactions. FIG. 8C illustrates an extraplastic ridge or divider 29 helping keep the hydrophobic oil separatefrom and not mixing with the follow-on aqueous solution as it is pumpedup through the chambers.

FIGS. 9A-9B provide schematic side views of embodiments for fillingmicro-pores, as illustrated from FIG. 5B and FIG. 6B. In theseillustrations, the interior sides of the micro-pores 202 arehydrophilic, while the other surfaces are hydrophobic. In oneembodiment, different primers and probes are printed, for example byacoustic droplet ejection, capillary, inkjet, or quill printing (seeFIG. 8A), in pre-chambers suitable for fluidically moving into the arrayof micro-pores. Front plate 204 is shown above channel 240 in FIGS. 9Aand 9B. FIG. 9A illustrates micro-pores 202 open from both the top andbottom within solid support 232. Primers (and probes) are fluidicallyintroduced into the micro-pores from the top channel 240, whilesimultaneously oil (preferably with higher density than the aqueoussolution) is introduced from the bottom channel 242 which is formed withback plate 206. Subsequently the aqueous solution is chased from the topchannel 240 with oil (with lower density), such that the primers/probesare fluidically isolated. If the primers are to be covalentlyimmobilized to the surface, that chemistry may take place when both thetop channel 240 and bottom channel 242 are filled with oil.Alternatively, the primers may be immobilized by capture, for examplebiotinylated primers may be captured by streptavidin-coated surfaces. Ifthe primer-probes are for subsequent drying, then they may be formulatedin a volatile salt, such as ammonium acetate, or alternatively, may havea stabilizing buffer, comprising of betaine, ectoine, hydroxyectoine,mannosylglycerate, mannosylglyceramide, diglycerol phosphate, or othersugars or sugar derivatives. Subsequently, the top oil may be chasedwith a volatile organic (i.e. hexanol) that is not miscible with aqueoussolution in the micro-pores. The volatile organic may be chased withair, and in the presence of mild heat, the aqueous evaporates, leavingthe desired primers and probes dried to the interior surface of themicro-pores. Oil on the bottom may also be chased with a volatileorganic, followed by air to dry the array chamber. Alternatively, whenthe primers are immobilized to the interior surface of the micro-pores202, excess primers are washed away before adding an optional volatileorganic (i.e. ethanol) and drying down. FIG. 9B illustrates micro-pores202 within the solid support 232 open from the top channel 240 (formedwith plate 202) and have another layer 238 of 0.5-micron holes onsilicon nitride 200 to 400-nanometers thick, enabling filling of the 50,5, or 2.5-micron micro-pores with liquid from the front via channel 240,allowing air, but not liquid to escape through the 0.5-micron pores atthe bottom channel 242 (formed with back plate 206). In thisillustration, oil is added to the bottom channel 242 to enablesubsequent heating of reactants within the micro-pores 202 if neededduring the optional primer immobilization step. In other embodiments,e.g. adding primer/probes without immobilization, the use of oil in thebottom and/or top chamber may be optional.

FIG. 10 provides a schematic front view of embodiments for fillingreaction chambers prior to filling the micro-wells or micro-pores ofsubdivisions 32. The setup comprises two sets of reaction chambers 16and 22 fed by conduits 14 and 20, each having a trough 18 and 24, andthe second set is pre-spotted with appropriate ligation probeoligonucleotides (gray circle 25). The left side illustrates a schematicdiagram of a portion of the micro-fluidics and chambers for the initialmultiplexed PCR pre-amplification, and a subsequent ligase detectionreaction (LDR) prior to Taqman™ readout in the micro-pore array. In thenext panel, a light-oil cap is introduced at the bottom into conduit 14,this is then followed by an aqueous liquid comprising of target, PCRprimers, and PCR reagents, and this aqueous reaction mixture is thenfluidically moved into the first set of reaction chambers 16 using heavyoil. After the PCR thermocycling step, the oils and most of the aqueousreaction are drained by way of conduit 14, but a small portion of thePCR product is retained in the trough 18 of each of the two initialchambers 16. The chambers are again filled through conduit 14 with lightoil, followed by LDR reagents and enzymes, and this aqueous reactionmixture is then fluidically moved into the second set of reactionchambers 22 (where it mixes with the pre-spotted LDR primers) usingheavy oil. Reaction chambers 22 empty by way of conduits 26 intoreaction chambers 28 (which is divided by plastic ridge or divider 29)and by way of conduit 30 into subdivisions 32 of micro-wells ormicro-pores. After the LDR thermocycling step, once again, the reagentsare drained, but the LDR product is retained in the trough 24. Thisproduct is now suitable for fluidically combining with PCR mastermix andbeing moved into the micro-pore array for subsequent Taqman™ reactions,as explained in the FIGS. 11A-B.

FIGS. 11A-11B provide schematic side views of embodiments for fillingmicro-pores 202, as illustrated from FIG. 5C and FIG. 6C, for performingreal-time PCR reactions, such as Taqman™ or UniTaq reactions. In FIGS.11A-11B, front plate 204 is shown to the left of channel 240 and backplate 206 is shown to the right of channel 242. The illustrations startwith micro-pores 202 in solid support 232 that have been pre-filled with1-4 UniTaq primer sets (or alternatively, 1-4 universal tag primer setswith target-specific Taqman™ probes), and dried down. In one embodiment,the interior surfaces of the micro-pores 202 have a hydrophilic surface,while the exterior front 244 and back 246 surfaces are hydrophobic, suchthat when flowing aqueous liquid containing target or pre-amplifiedtarget and/or primers over the micro-pores, (e.g. from bottom throughchannel 242 to the top through channel 240 from the front side 244 wherethe pores have a wider diameter), the aqueous liquid fills eachmicro-pore. In one embodiment, liquid is moved in channel 240 or 242from the bottom and out through the top in channel 240 or 242,respectively, with one or more valves controlling input and output fromthe chambers. In one embodiment, fluid input and output in the front andback of the chambers is modulated or controlled by separate valves orapplying separate pressures. Flow of aqueous liquid into the micro-poresfrom bottom to top may be facilitated by applying positive pressure fromthe bottom through channel 240 or 242, i.e. pumping the liquid into thechambers with the top part open to air, and/or by applying negativepressure (i.e. pulling a syringe, or partial vacuum) from the top. Flowrates may be adjusted by using different combinations of pressure fromtop, bottom, front or back. For illustrative purposes, consider the taskof filling the micro-pores 202 with aqueous liquid suitable forsubsequent individualized amplification within the micro-pores 202. InFIG. 11A, all surfaces including front 244 and back 246 are hydrophobic,except the inside surfaces of the micro-pores 202. As aqueous fluid ispumped using positive pressure from the bottom front it enters themicro-pores 202 from the front 244 through channel 240, displaces airout the back 246 through channel 242 and forms a meniscus in the back ofthe pores 202. To avoid having the weight of the aqueous liquid build asit rises on the front to create sufficient pressure to push liquid outthe back of micro-pores that are filled initially, hydrophobic liquid ispumped from the bottom back 246 through channel 242 so it covers theaqueous meniscus in the back of the pores 202 shortly after they areformed. Optimal pressure height differences can be experimentallydetermined, and will be a function of liquid viscosity, liquid density,difference in liquid volume, as well as hydrophobicity of the outsidesurfaces of the solid support with the micro-pores. As the aqueousliquid fills the micro-pores 202 from the front 244 through channel 240,a hydrophobic liquid (i.e. heavy oil) is flowed in from the front 244through channel 240, to chase the aqueous liquid out of thenon-productive volume and into the micro-pores 202, while simultaneouslycovering each separate micro-pore 202 on the front 244 with oil. Thus,the micro-pores are each filled with aqueous liquid, and sealed on thefront 244 and back 246 with hydrophobic liquid. Each micro-pore 202 isfluidically isolated and suitable for subsequent independentamplification and thermal cycling reactions. In FIG. 11B, all surfacesare hydrophobic, except the inside surfaces of the micro-pores 202, andthe silicon nitride 238 with the 0.5-micron holes. As aqueous fluid ispumped using positive pressure from the bottom front 244 through channel240 it enters the micro-pores 202 from the front 244, displaces air outthe back 246 through channel 242 and does not push liquid through the0.5-micron silicon nitride pores. As the aqueous liquid fills themicro-pores 202 from the front 244, oil is flowed in from the front 244through channel 240, to chase the aqueous liquid out of thenon-productive volume and into the micro-pores 202, while simultaneouslycovering each separate micro-pore 202 on the front 244 with oil. Theback of the chambers may be filled with humidified air and heated toeventually heat the aqueous liquid in the micro-pores. Alternatively,the back 246 through channel 242 of the chambers may also be filled withoil as illustrated. Thus, the micro-pores 202 are each filled withaqueous liquid, and sealed on the front and back with oil. Eachmicro-pore is fluidically isolated and suitable for subsequentindependent amplification and thermal cycling reactions.

FIG. 12 provides a schematic side view of embodiments for fillingmicro-pores, as illustrated from FIGS. 6A-6C, for performing sequencingreactions. In FIG. 12, front plate 204 is shown to the left of channel240 and back plate 206 is shown to the right of channel 242. In thisexample, all surfaces, including front 244 and back 246, arehydrophobic, except the inside surfaces of the micro-pores 202, and thesilicon nitride 238 with the 0.5-micron holes. As aqueous fluid ispumped using positive pressure from the bottom front 244 through channel240, it enters the micro-pores 202 from the front 244, displaces air outthe back 246 through channel 242 and does not push through the0.5-micron silicon nitride pores. As the aqueous liquid fills themicro-pores 202 from the front 244, oil is flowed in from the front 244,to chase the aqueous liquid out of the non-productive volume and intothe micro-pores, while simultaneously covering each separate micro-poreon the front 244 with oil. The back 246 in channel 242 is also filledwith oil. Thus, the micro-pores 202 are each filled with aqueous liquidand sealed on the front 244 and back 246 with oil. Each micro-pore 202is fluidically isolated and suitable for subsequent independent thermalcycling reactions to amplify and immobilize template strands onto thesolid support on the interior surface of the pores. The oil is chasedfrom the front 244 through channel 240, while opposite strand product isdenatured and with other products and primers washed away. A heavy oilplug is used to plug the bottom of the front 244 at channel 240 whilethe back 246 through channel 242 is rinsed (e.g. ethanol), optionallyair-dried, and now the array has immobilized target strands clonallyamplified within micro-pores 202 suitable for sequencing. Flow ofaqueous liquid into the micro-pores from bottom at back 246 to top front244 and back 246 may be facilitated by applying positive pressure fromthe bottom, i.e. pumping the liquid into channels 240 and 242 with thetop part open to air, and/or by applying negative pressure (i.e. pullinga syringe, or partial vacuum) from the top. Flow rates may be adjustedby using different combinations of pressure, or restricting the openingat the top back, thus assuring that most of the sequencing reagentsvolume enters through the bottom back 246, but flows through themicro-pores 202 and out the top front 244. An additional advantage ofusing the silicon nitride layer 238 on the back-side of the micro-pores202 is that aqueous liquid added from the front side 244 will not breakthe air interface on the back side 246, but if the back 246 at channel242 is filled with aqueous liquid, they will flow freely through the 0.5micron holes to the front 244 of the micro-pores 202. This providesincreased flexibility in reagent addition and washing in or outdifferent reagents in subsequent sequencing reactions.

FIGS. 13A-13B provide schematic front views of the chamber format usingmicro-wells or micro-pores as described in FIGS. 1 and 6A-6C. FIG. 13Ashows an overview of the micro-well format where within cartridge 304defining space 306 the subdivisions 332 are 800-micron wide×1200-micronlong (drawn as rectangular sections), comprising of 96-micro-wells with50-micron diameter. Additional 200-micron wide ridges 350 are usedbetween subdivisions 332 to provide separation of subdivisions andadditional structural support. These are represented as the “white”areas between the rows and columns of rectangular subdivisions 332. Inthis schematic illustration, for simplicity, 32 columns×32 rows areshown; other embodiments include 48 columns×48 rows, and 64 columns×64rows. FIG. 13B shows an overview of microfluidic chambers for sequencingon an array of micro-pores in a microtiter plate format. In thisschematic illustration, within cartridge 404 defining space 406, are 32double-columns×32 double-rows are shown, and in the magnification, only2 double-columns and 1 double-row of subdivisions 432 (spaced by whiteridges 450) comprising 2,072 micro-pores each are shown; otherembodiments include 48 double-columns×48 double-rows, 64double-columns×64 double-rows; while still other embodiments include 96columns×96 rows and 128 columns×128 rows. In one embodiment, feedinginto the chambers through inlet containing the micro-pores are a seriesof individual openings that may be fluidically closed or open to entryof reagents, enzymes, targets or pre-amplified targets up all thechambers in a column using acoustic droplet ejection. Entry of fluidsinto the individual openings through inlet 402 when using acousticdroplet ejection may be facilitated by applying negative pressure fromthe other side (i.e. vacuum), and/or by feeding the droplets in conduit455 into a series of hydrophilic input chambers 452 and conduits 454 andtransitions 456, that subsequently feeds into subdivisions 432 havingthe columns of micro-pores. In this schematic illustration, eachindividual opening is connected to a hydrophilic input chamber 452,which feeds into two columns of subdivisions 432 containing micro-pores.In addition, the chambers are also fluidically coupled to allow forentry of reagents from one entry port into all the chambers and exit onthe other side into a single waste or exit port 408. Once thehydrophilic input chamber 452 is properly filled with the reagents,enzymes, targets or pre-amplified targets, those openings are closed,and then oils or other reagents are added through the one entry port tofluidically move the input solutions into the micro-pores for furtherreactions.

Alternative configurations for micro-wells or micro-pores may also beconsidered. OpenArray technology is available through ThermoFisher(Carlsbad, Calif.). This technology uses a metal microscope slide-sizedplate with 3,072 through-holes, which may be configured into a varietyof different ways. For example, the plate may be divided into 48subarrays with 64 through-holes or micro-pores (each subarray is in thesame spacing as a traditional 384 well microtiter plate. As currentlyconfigured, each through-hole is 300-microns in diameter and 300-microndeep, wherein the through-hole is hydrophilic or has a hydrophiliccoating, but the front and back surface of the plate has a hydrophobiccoating. Thus, aqueous reagents are retained in the through-holes viasurface tension. After filling the through holes with the appropriateamplification and detection primers, these primers may be dried onto theinner surface of the through-holes. Subsequently, addition of thesample, enzymes, and appropriate buffer solubilizes the primers, whileuse of hydrophobic liquid (i.e. mineral oil) on both sides seals thereactions in place in each through-hole. This technology could beextended by manufacturing the through-holes with 60-micron diameter,which would enable about 1,225 through-holes per subarray for a total of58,800 through-holes or micro-pores per microscope slide-sized plate.Another system, also developed by ThermoFisher is the QuantStudio 3Ddigital PCR 20K Chip, comprising of a silicon substrate that has beenetched to contain 20,000 micro-wells of 60-micron diameter. Primers,reagents, and enzyme are added, the plate is sealed to distribute theliquid into the micro-wells, and the reaction is run—the limitationbeing that only a single reaction may be performed on the chip. Anothersystem is being developed by Formulatrix (Bedford, Mass.) and is knownas the Constellation Digital PCR system. In this system, a standardmicrotiter plate is divided into either 24 chambers comprising 32,000micro-wells (of about 50-micron diameter) or 96 chambers comprising8,000 micro-wells. This design is also compatible with use of 24chambers comprising 200,000 micro-wells (of about 20-micron diameter),96 chambers comprising 50,000 micro-wells, or 384 chambers comprising12,500 micro-wells. Each chamber has an input well that is fluidicallycoupled to an input channel, which is fluidically coupled to numerousconnecting channels comprising of individual partitions, and then allthe connecting channels are fluidically coupled to an output channel,which has a vent or air-hole. At the bottom of the channel is a clearplastic suitable for sealing to the plate. Primers, reagents, and enzymeare added to the input well and fluidically pumped through the inputchannel, and the connecting channels, with excess moving into the outputchannel and vent. Subsequently, a roller is used to compress the bottomseal, which blocks off the channels, such that each partition becomes anisolated micro-well suitable for thermocycling and digital PCR readout.This system may be modified, such that the bottom plastic only forms atemporary seal, either by using pressure to temporarily block off theconnecting channels and create the partitions (micro-wells) only duringthe amplification reaction, or a temporary sealant that may besubsequently dissolved. For subsequent sequencing reactions, afteramplification and immobilization of targets in individual partitions(micro-wells), the bottom plastic may be unsealed, unreacted reagent andproducts that are not covalently immobilized may be denatured and washedaway. The resulting clonally amplified single-stranded targets aresuitable for subsequent sequencing-by-synthesis reactions, as describedbelow or as known in the art.

FIG. 14 provides a schematic side view of the micro-titer plate format500 using micro-wells 302 in solid support 332 as described in FIG. 13A,suitable for pre-filling with appropriate primers and probes. Step Ashows the side view of one chamber within the hydrophobic plate,comprising of 50-micron hydrophilic wells with ridges 350 on each side.In step B, the plate is flipped upside-down and filled with 1-4 UniTaqprimer sets (or alternatively, 1-4 universal tag primer sets withmutation or methylation-specific Taqman™ probes) using acoustic dropletejection. In step C, the plate is centrifuged, spreading the aqueousliquid to the empty micro-wells, while step D illustrates that aftercentrifugation, droplets will form over the micro-wells as the aqueoussolution avoids the hydrophobic surface. In step E, the aqueous solutionis evaporated, leaving the dried primer/probe sets in the well(Illustrated in Step F).

FIG. 15 provides a schematic side view of the micro-titer plate formatusing micro-wells 302 in solid support 332 and ridges 350 as describedin FIG. 13, Panel A, and optionally pre-filled with the appropriateTaqman™ or UniTaq primers and probes (as Illustrated). Step A shows theside view of one chamber within the hydrophobic plate, comprising of50-micron hydrophilic wells with ridges on each side. In step B, theplate is flipped upside-down and filled with reagent suitable forreal-time amplification (i.e. Taqman™ reaction) and target DNA, usingacoustic droplet ejection. The PCR primers and Taqman™ probe(s) may havebeen previously added to the chambers and dried down (as illustrated inFIG. 14), or alternatively are added along with the target, enzyme, andreagents. In step C, overlay the aqueous layer with hydrophobic mineraloil. In step D, the plate is transferred to a swinging bucket rotor forcentrifugation. The denser aqueous liquid spreads to empty micro-wells.In step E, the plate is moved to the thermocycler. The droplets separateinto individual micro-wells covered by mineral oil and suitable foramplification.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to a method foridentifying, in a sample, a plurality of nucleic acid moleculescontaining a target nucleotide sequence differing from nucleotidesequences in other nucleic acid molecules in the sample, or othersamples, by one or more nucleotides, one or more copy numbers, one ormore transcript sequences, and/or one or more methylated residues. Thismethod involves providing a sample potentially containing one or morenucleic acid molecules containing the target nucleotide sequencediffering from the nucleotide sequences in other nucleic acid moleculesby one or more nucleotides, one or more copy numbers, one or moretranscript sequences, and/or one or more methylated residues. One ormore primary oligonucleotide primer sets are provided, each primaryoligonucleotide primer set comprising (a) a first primaryoligonucleotide primer that comprises a nucleotide sequence that iscomplementary to a sequence adjacent to the target nucleotide sequence,and (b) a second primary oligonucleotide primer that comprises anucleotide sequence that is complementary to a portion of an extensionproduct formed from the first primary oligonucleotide primer. Thecontacted sample is blended with the one or more primary oligonucleotideprimer sets, a deoxynucleotide mix, and a DNA polymerase to form apolymerase chain reaction mixture, and the polymerase chain reactionmixture is subjected to one or more polymerase chain reaction cyclescomprising a denaturation treatment, a hybridization treatment, and anextension treatment, thereby forming primary extension productscomprising the target nucleotide sequence or a complement thereof. Theinitial PCR products are distributed into 24, 36, or 48 Primary PCRReaction Chambers. The method further involves blending the primaryextension products with a polymerase, and one or more secondaryoligonucleotide primer sets to form a secondary polymerase reactionmixture. Each secondary oligonucleotide primer set comprising (a) afirst secondary oligonucleotide primer that comprises a 5′primer-specific portion and a nucleotide sequence that is complementaryto a sequence adjacent to and/or comprising the target nucleotidesequence, and (b) a second secondary oligonucleotide primer thatcomprises a 5′ primer-specific portion and a nucleotide sequence that iscomplementary to a portion of an extension product formed from the firstsecondary oligonucleotide primer. The contacted sample is blended withthe one or more secondary oligonucleotide primer sets, a deoxynucleotidemix, and a DNA polymerase to form a polymerase chain reaction mixture,and the polymerase chain reaction mixture is subjected to one or morepolymerase chain reaction cycles comprising a denaturation treatment, ahybridization treatment, and an extension treatment, thereby formingprimary extension products comprising the target nucleotide sequence ora complement thereof. The secondary extension product sequences in thesample are detected and distinguished to identify the presence of one ormore nucleic acid molecules containing target nucleotide sequencesdiffering from nucleotide sequences in other nucleic acid molecules inthe sample by one or more nucleotides, one or more copy numbers, one ormore transcript sequences, and/or one or more methylated residues.

FIGS. 16-18 illustrate various embodiments of this aspect of the presentinvention.

FIG. 16 (steps A-F) illustrates an exemplary PCR-PCR-qPCR for unknownpathogen identification. This method starts by isolating pathogengenomic DNA as shown in step A. If the pathogen is an RNA virus, aninitial reverse-transcriptase step is used to generate cDNA. As shown inFIG. 16 (step B), the sample is subject to an amplification reaction,e.g., a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify target-containingregions of interest in an Initial Reaction Chamber. The multiplexed PCRamplification reaction is carried out using locus specific primers and adeoxynucleotide mix. In one embodiment, limited cycle amplification(12-20 cycles) is performed to maintain relative ratios of differentamplicons being produced. In another embodiment, primers containidentical 8-11 base tails on their 5′ ends to prevent primer dimers fromamplifying. Distribute initial PCR products into 24, 36, or 48 PrimaryPCR Reaction Chambers.

As shown in FIG. 16 step C, target-specific oligonucleotide secondaryprimers are hybridized to the primary amplified products and polymerase(filled diamond) is used to amplify target-containing regions ofinterest. As illustrated in step C of this figure, another layer ofspecificity can be incorporated into the method by including a 3′cleavable blocking group (Blk 3′, e.g. C3 spacer), and an RNA base (r),in the secondary primers. Upon target-specific hybridization, RNase H(star symbol) removes the RNA base to generate a polymerase extensioncompetent 3′OH group (FIG. 16, step C). The first secondaryoligonucleotide primer contains a 5′ primer-specific portion (Ai) andthe second secondary oligonucleotide primer contains a 5′primer-specific portion (Ci) that permits subsequent amplification ofthe secondary amplification products. Following the secondaryamplification reaction, the extension products from each Primary PCRReaction Chamber are distributed into 384 or 768 micro-wells ormicro-pores containing one or more tag-specific primer pairs, each paircomprising of matched primers Ai and Ci, PCR amplified, and detected. Asshown in FIG. 16, steps E & F, detection of the PCR product can becarried out using traditional TaqMan™ detection assay (see U.S. Pat. No.6,270,967 to Whitcombe et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 7,601,821 to Andersonet al., which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety).For detection using TaqMan™ an oligonucleotide probe spanning the targetregion is used in conjunction with primers suitable for hybridization onthe primer-specific portions of the secondary PCR products foramplification and detection. The TaqMan™ probe contains a fluorescentreporter group on one end (F1) and a quencher molecule (Q) on the otherend that are in close enough proximity to each other in the intact probethat the quencher molecule quenches fluorescence of the reporter group.During amplification, the TaqMan™ probe and upstream primer hybridize totheir complementary regions of the ligation product. The 5′→3′ nucleaseactivity of the polymerase extends the hybridized primer and liberatesthe fluorescent group of the TaqMan™ probe to generate a detectablesignal (FIG. 16, step F).

FIG. 17 (steps A-F) illustrates an exemplary PCR-PCR-qPCR for unknownpathogen identification. This method starts by isolating pathogengenomic DNA as shown in step A. If the pathogen is an RNA virus, aninitial reverse-transcriptase step is used to generate cDNA. As shown inFIG. 17 (step B), the sample is subject to an amplification reaction,e.g., a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify target-containingregions of interest in an Initial Reaction Chamber. The multiplexed PCRamplification reaction is carried out using locus specific primers and adeoxynucleotide mix. In one embodiment, limited cycle amplification(12-20 cycles) is performed to maintain relative ratios of differentamplicons being produced. In another embodiment primers containidentical 8-11 base tails on their 5′ ends to prevent primer dimers fromamplifying. Distribute initial PCR products into 24, 36, or 48 PrimaryPCR Reaction Chambers.

The UniTaq system is fully described in U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2011/0212846 to Spier, which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. The UniTaq system involves the use of threeunique “tag” sequences, where at least one of the unique tag sequences(Ai) is present in the first oligonucleotide primer, and the second andthird unique tag portions (Bi and Ci) are in the second oligonucleotideprimer sequence as shown in FIG. 17, step C. Upon PCR amplification ofthe oligonucleotide primers in a primer set, the resulting extensionproduct will contain the Ai sequence-target specific sequences-Bi′sequence-Ci′ sequence. The essence of the UniTaq approach is that bothsecondary oligonucleotide primers of a PCR primer set need to be thecorrect matched set to generate a positive signal, which allows forhighly multiplexed nucleic acid detection. For example, and as describedherein, this is achieved by requiring hybridization of two parts, i.e.,two of the tags, to each other.

As shown in FIG. 17 step C, target-specific oligonucleotide secondaryprimers are hybridized to the primary amplified products and polymerase(filled diamond) is used to amplify target-containing regions ofinterest. As illustrated in step C of this Figure, another layer ofspecificity can be incorporated into the method by including a 3′cleavable blocking group (Blk 3′, e.g. C3 spacer), and an RNA base (r),in the secondary primers. Upon target-specific hybridization, RNase H(star symbol) removes the RNA base to generate a polymerase extensioncompetent 3′OH group (FIG. 17, step C). The first secondaryoligonucleotide primer contains a 5′ primer-specific portion (Ai) andthe second secondary oligonucleotide primer contains a 5′primer-specific portion (Bi, Ci) that permits subsequent amplificationand detection of the secondary amplification products. Following thesecondary amplification reaction, the extension products from eachPrimary PCR Reaction Chamber are distributed into 384 or 768 micro-wellsor micro-pores containing one or more tag-specific primer pairs, eachpair comprising of matched primers (F1-Bi-Q-Ai and Ci). For detection,the secondary PCR product containing Ai (a first primer-specificportion), Bi′ (a UniTaq detection portion), and Ci′ (a secondprimer-specific portion) is primed on both strands using a firstoligonucleotide primer having the same nucleotide sequence as Ai, and asecond oligonucleotide primer that is complementary to Ci′ (i.e., Ci).The first oligonucleotide primer also includes a UniTaq detection probe(Bi) that has a detectable label F1 on one end and a quencher molecule(Q) on the other end (F1-Bi-Q-Ai). Optionally positioned proximal to thequencher is a polymerase-blocking unit, e.g., HEG, THF, Sp-18, ZEN, orany other blocker known in the art that is sufficient to stop polymeraseextension. PCR amplification results in the formation of double strandedproducts as shown in FIG. 17, step F). In this example, apolymerase-blocking unit prevents a polymerase from copying the 5′portion (Bi) of the first universal primer, such that the bottom strandof product cannot form a hairpin when it becomes single-stranded.Formation of such a hairpin would result in the 3′ end of the stemannealing to the amplicon such that polymerase extension of this 3′ endwould terminate the PCR reaction.

The double stranded PCR products are denatured, and when the temperatureis subsequently decreased, the upper strand of product forms a hairpinhaving a stem between the 5′ portion (Bi) of the first oligonucleotideprimer and portion Bi′ at the opposite end of the strand (FIG. 17, stepG). Also during this step, the second oligonucleotide primer anneals tothe 5′-primer specific portion (Ci′) of the hairpinned product. Uponextension of the second universal primer in step G, 5′ nuclease activityof the polymerase cleaves the detectable label D1 or the quenchermolecule from the 5′ end of the amplicon, thereby increasing thedistance between the label and the quencher and permitting detection ofthe label.

FIG. 18 (steps A-F) illustrates an exemplary PCR-PCR-qPCR (UniRq) forunknown pathogen identification. This method starts by isolatingpathogen genomic DNA as shown in step A. If the pathogen is an RNAvirus, an initial reverse-transcriptase step is used to generate cDNA.As shown in FIG. 18 (step B), the sample is subject to an amplificationreaction, e.g., a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplifytarget-containing regions of interest in an Initial Reaction Chamber.The multiplexed PCR amplification reaction is carried out using locusspecific primers and a deoxynucleotide mix. In one embodiment, limitedcycle amplification (12-20 cycles) is performed to maintain relativeratios of different amplicons being produced. In another embodimentprimers contain identical 8-11 base tails on their 5′ ends to preventprimer dimers from amplifying. Distribute initial PCR products into 24,36, or 48 Primary PCR Reaction Chambers.

The split probe system is fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,598,728 toBarany et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety. Herein, a split probe system designed for PCR amplificationthat involves the use of four unique “tag” sequences, where the firstunique tag sequence (Ai) and split portions of the second and thirdunique tag portions (Bi′, ti′), are present in the first secondaryoligonucleotide primer, and the other split portions of second and thirdunique tag portions (tj and Bj), as well as the fourth unique tagsequence (Ci) are in the second secondary oligonucleotide primersequence as shown in FIG. 18, step C. Upon PCR amplification of theoligonucleotide primers in a primer set, the resulting extension productwill contain the Ai sequence-Bi′, and ti′ sequence-target specificsequences-ti′, Bj′ sequences-Ci′ sequence. The essence of the splitprobe approach is that both secondary oligonucleotide primers of a PCRprimer set need to be correct to obtain a positive signal, which allowsfor highly multiplexed nucleic acid detection. For example, and asdescribed herein, this is achieved by requiring hybridization of twoparts, i.e., two of the tags, to each other.

As shown in FIG. 18 step C, target-specific oligonucleotide secondaryprimers are hybridized to the primary amplified products and polymerase(filled diamond) is used to amplify target-containing regions ofinterest. As illustrated in step C of this figure, another layer ofspecificity can be incorporated into the method by including a 3′cleavable blocking group (Blk 3′, e.g. C3 spacer), and an RNA base (r),in the secondary primers. Upon target-specific hybridization, RNase H(star symbol) removes the RNA base to generate a polymerase extensioncompetent 3′OH group (FIG. 18, step C). The first secondaryoligonucleotide primer contains a 5′ primer-specific portion (Ai, Bi′,ti′) and the second secondary oligonucleotide primer contains a 5′primer-specific portion (tj, Bj, Ci) that permits subsequentamplification and detection of the secondary amplification products.Following the secondary amplification reaction, the extension productsfrom each Primary PCR Reaction Chamber are distributed into 384 or 768micro-wells or micro-pores containing one or more tag-specific primerpairs, each pair comprising of matched primers (F1-r-Bj, Bi-Q-Ai andCi). For detection, the secondary PCR product containing Ai (a firstprimer-specific portion), Bi′ (a split UniTaq detection portion), ti′ (aregion complementary to the target sequence), the target sequenceincluding internal ti, tj sequences, tj′ (a region complementary to thetarget sequence), Bi′ (a split UniTaq detection portion), and Ci′ (asecond primer-specific portion) is primed on both strands using a firstoligonucleotide primer having the same nucleotide sequence as Ai, and asecond oligonucleotide primer that is complementary to Ci′ (i.e., Ci).The first oligonucleotide primer also includes a UniTaq detection probe(Bj, Bi, with an internal ribose base) that has a detectable label F1 onone end and a quencher molecule (Q) on the other end (F1-r-Bj, Bi-Q-Ai).Optionally positioned proximal to the quencher is a polymerase-blockingunit, e.g., HEG, THF, Sp-18, ZEN, or any other blocker known in the artthat is sufficient to stop polymerase extension. PCR amplificationresults in the formation of double stranded products as shown in FIG.18, step F). In this example, a polymerase-blocking unit prevents apolymerase from copying the 5′ portion (Bj, Bi) of the first universalprimer, such that the bottom strand of product cannot form a hairpinwhen it becomes single-stranded. Formation of such a hairpin wouldresult in the 3′ end of the stem annealing to the amplicon such thatpolymerase extension of this 3′ end would terminate the PCR reaction.

The double stranded PCR products are denatured, and when the temperatureis subsequently decreased, the upper strand of product forms 4 hairpinsform between pathogen-specific sequences (ti & ti′; tj & tj′), Bi & Bi′,and Bj & Bj′. This renders the ribose base in the Bj sequencedouble-stranded, enabling RNaseH2 to liberate the fluorescent group F1label from the product, thereby increasing the distance between thelabel and the quencher and permitting detection of the label (FIG. 18,step G). One advantage of the split probe design is that a false productresulting from primer dimer formation, i.e. (F1-r-Bj,Bi-Q-Ai-Bi′-ti′-primer dimer-tj′, Bj′-Ci′) would not give afalse-positive signal since it would not form the ti & ti′; tj & tj′hairpins, leaving only the Bi & Bi′ stem, and then the r-Bj and Bj′sequences which would not form a stem at the hybridization temperatureused in the amplification reaction.

Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a method foridentifying, in a sample, a plurality of nucleic acid moleculescontaining a target nucleotide sequence differing from nucleotidesequences in other nucleic acid molecules in the sample, or othersamples, by one or more nucleotides, one or more copy numbers, one ormore transcript sequences, and/or one or more methylated residues. Thismethod involves providing a sample potentially containing one or morenucleic acid molecules containing the target nucleotide sequencediffering from the nucleotide sequences in other nucleic acid moleculesby one or more nucleotides, one or more copy numbers, one or moretranscript sequences, and/or one or more methylated residues. One ormore primary oligonucleotide primer sets are provided, each primaryoligonucleotide primer set comprising (a) a first primaryoligonucleotide primer that comprises a nucleotide sequence that iscomplementary to a sequence adjacent to the target nucleotide sequence,and (b) a second primary oligonucleotide primer that comprises anucleotide sequence that is complementary to a portion of an extensionproduct formed from the first primary oligonucleotide primer. Thecontacted sample is blended with the one or more primary oligonucleotideprimer sets, a deoxynucleotide mix, and a DNA polymerase to form apolymerase chain reaction mixture in an Initial Reaction Chamber, andthe polymerase chain reaction mixture is subjected to one or morepolymerase chain reaction cycles comprising a denaturation treatment, ahybridization treatment, and an extension treatment, thereby formingprimary extension products comprising the target nucleotide sequence ora complement thereof. The initial PCR products are distributed into 24,36, or 48 Primary LDR Reaction Chambers. The method further involvesblending the primary extension products with a ligase and one or moreoligonucleotide probe sets to form a ligation reaction mixture. Eacholigonucleotide probe set comprises (a) a first oligonucleotide probehaving a target nucleotide sequence-specific portion, and (b) a secondoligonucleotide probe having a target nucleotide sequence-specificportion, wherein the first and second oligonucleotide probes of a probeset are configured to hybridize, in a base specific manner, adjacent toone another on a complementary target nucleotide sequence of a primaryextension product with a junction between them. The first and secondoligonucleotide probes of the one or more oligonucleotide probe sets areligated together to form ligated product sequences in the ligationreaction mixture, and the ligated product sequences in the sample aredetected and distinguished to identify the presence of one or morenucleic acid molecules containing target nucleotide sequences differingfrom nucleotide sequences in other nucleic acid molecules in the sampleby one or more nucleotides, one or more copy numbers, one or moretranscript sequences, and/or one or more methylated residues.

FIGS. 19-23 illustrate various embodiments of this aspect of the presentinvention.

FIG. 19 (steps A-F) illustrates an exemplary PCR-LDR-qPCR (Taqman™) forunknown pathogen identification. This method starts by isolatingpathogen genomic DNA as shown in step A. If the pathogen is an RNAvirus, an initial reverse-transcriptase step is used to generate cDNA.As shown in FIG. 19 (step B), the sample is subject to an amplificationreaction, e.g., a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplifytarget-containing regions of interest in an Initial PCR ReactionChamber. The multiplexed PCR amplification reaction is carried out usinglocus specific primers and a deoxynucleotide mix. In one embodiment,limited cycle amplification (12-20 cycles) is performed to maintainrelative ratios of different amplicons being produced. In anotherembodiment, the regions of interest are amplified using 20-40 cycles. Inanother embodiment primers contain identical 8-11 base tails on their 5′ends to prevent primer dimers from amplifying. Distribute initial PCRproducts into 24, 36, or 48 Primary LDR Reaction Chambers (Step C).

As shown in FIG. 19 step D, target-specific oligonucleotide probes arehybridized to the amplified products and ligase (filled circle)covalently seals the two oligonucleotides together when hybridized totheir complementary sequence. The upstream oligonucleotide probecontains a 5′ primer-specific portion (Ai) and the downstreamoligonucleotide probe contains a 3′ primer-specific portion (Ci′) thatpermits subsequent amplification of the ligation product. Followingligation, the ligation products from each Primary LDR Reaction Chamberare distributed into 384 or 768 micro-wells or micro-pores containingone or more tag-specific primer pairs, each pair comprising of matchedprimers Ai and Ci, PCR amplified, and detected. As shown in FIG. 19,steps E & F, detection of the ligation product can be carried out usingtraditional TaqMan™ detection assay (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,270,967 toWhitcombe et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 7,601,821 to Anderson et al., whichare hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). For detectionusing TaqMan™ an oligonucleotide probe spanning the ligation junction isused in conjunction with primers suitable for hybridization on theprimer-specific portions of the ligation products for amplification anddetection. The TaqMan™ probe contains a fluorescent reporter group onone end (F1) and a quencher molecule (Q) on the other end that are inclose enough proximity to each other in the intact probe that thequencher molecule quenches fluorescence of the reporter group. Duringamplification, the TaqMan™ probe and upstream primer hybridize to theircomplementary regions of the ligation product. The 5′→3′ nucleaseactivity of the polymerase extends the hybridized primer and liberatesthe fluorescent group of the TaqMan™ probe to generate a detectablesignal (FIG. 19, step F).

FIG. 20 illustrates another exemplary PCR-LDR-qPCR (UniTaq) for unknownpathogen identification. This method starts by isolating pathogengenomic DNA as shown in step A. If the pathogen is an RNA virus, aninitial reverse-transcriptase step is used to generate cDNA. As shown inFIG. 20 (step B), the sample is subject to an amplification reaction,e.g., a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify target-containingregions of interest in an Initial Reaction Chamber. In this embodiment,the ligation probes are designed to contain UniTaq primer and tagsequences to facilitate detections. In another embodiment primerscontain identical 8-11 base tails on their 5′ ends to prevent primerdimers from amplifying. Distribute initial PCR products into 24, 36, or48 Primary LDR Reaction Chambers (Step C).

The UniTaq system is fully described in U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2011/0212846 to Spier, which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. The UniTaq system involves the use of threeunique “tag” sequences, where at least one of the unique tag sequences(Ai) is present in the first oligonucleotide probe, and the second andthird unique tag portions (Bi′ and Ci′) are in the secondoligonucleotide probe sequence as shown in FIG. 20, step D. Uponligation of oligonucleotide probes in a probe set, the resultingligation product will contain the Ai sequence-target specificsequences-Bi′ sequence-Ci′ sequence. The essence of the UniTaq approachis that both oligonucleotide probes of a ligation probe set need to becorrect in order to get a positive signal, which allows for highlymultiplexed nucleic acid detection. For example, and as describedherein, this is achieved by requiring hybridization of two parts, i.e.,two of the tags, to each other.

After ligation, the ligation products of each Primary LDR ReactionChamber are distributed into 384 or 768 micro-wells or micro-pores thatcontain the appropriate UniTaq primer pairs (FIG. 20, step E). Fordetection, the ligation product containing Ai (a first primer-specificportion), Bi′ (a UniTaq detection portion), and Ci′ (a secondprimer-specific portion) is primed on both strands using a firstoligonucleotide primer having the same nucleotide sequence as Ai, and asecond oligonucleotide primer that is complementary to Ci′ (i.e., Ci).The first oligonucleotide primer also includes a UniTaq detection probe(Bi) that has a detectable label F1 on one end and a quencher molecule(Q) on the other end (F1-Bi-Q-Ai). Optionally positioned proximal to thequencher is a polymerase-blocking unit, e.g., HEG, THF, Sp-18, ZEN, orany other blocker known in the art that is sufficient to stop polymeraseextension. PCR amplification results in the formation of double strandedproducts as shown in FIG. 20, step F). In this example, apolymerase-blocking unit prevents a polymerase from copying the 5′portion (Bi) of the first universal primer, such that the bottom strandof product cannot form a hairpin when it becomes single-stranded.Formation of such a hairpin would result in the 3′ end of the stemannealing to the amplicon such that polymerase extension of this 3′ endwould terminate the PCR reaction.

The double stranded PCR products are denatured, and when the temperatureis subsequently decreased, the upper strand of product forms a hairpinhaving a stem between the 5′ portion (Bi) of the first oligonucleotideprimer and portion Bi′ at the opposite end of the strand (FIG. 20, stepG). Also, during this step, the second oligonucleotide primer anneals tothe 5′-primer specific portion (Ci′) of the hairpinned product. Uponextension of the second universal primer in step G, 5′ nuclease activityof the polymerase cleaves the detectable label D1 or the quenchermolecule from the 5′ end of the amplicon, thereby increasing thedistance between the label and the quencher and permitting detection ofthe label.

FIG. 21 illustrates another exemplary PCR-LDR-qPCR (UniSpTq) for unknownpathogen identification. This method starts by isolating pathogengenomic DNA as shown in step A. If the pathogen is an RNA virus, aninitial reverse-transcriptase step is used to generate cDNA. As shown inFIG. 20 (step B), the sample is subject to an amplification reaction,e.g., a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify target-containingregions of interest in an Initial Reaction Chamber. In this embodiment,the ligation probes are designed to contain split probe and tagsequences to facilitate detections. In another embodiment primerscontain identical 8-11 base tails on their 5′ ends to prevent primerdimers from amplifying. Distribute initial PCR products into 24, 36, or48 Primary LDR Reaction Chambers (Step C).

The split probe system is fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,598,728 toBarany et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety. The split probe system involves the use of four unique “tag”sequences, where the first unique tag sequence (Ai) and split portionsof the second and third unique tag portions (Bi′, zi), are present inthe first oligonucleotide probe, and the other split portions of secondand third unique tag portions (zi′, Bj′), as well as the fourth uniquetag sequence (Ci′) are in the second oligonucleotide probe sequence asshown in FIG. 21, step D. Upon ligation of oligonucleotide probes in aprobe set, the resulting ligation product will contain the Aisequence-Bi′, and zi sequence-target specific sequences-zi′, Bj′sequences-Ci′ sequence. The essence of the split probe approach is thatboth oligonucleotide probes of a ligation probe set need to be correctto obtain a positive signal, which allows for highly multiplexed nucleicacid detection. For example, and as described herein, this is achievedby requiring hybridization of two parts, i.e., two of the tags, to eachother.

After ligation, the ligation products of each Primary LDR ReactionChamber are distributed into 384 or 768 micro-wells or micro-pores thatcontain the appropriate UniTaq primer pairs (FIG. 21, step E). Fordetection, the ligation product containing Ai (a first primer-specificportion), Bi′ (a first split probe detection portion), Bj′ (a secondsplit probe detection portion), and Ci′ (a second primer-specificportion) is primed on both strands using a first oligonucleotide primerhaving the same nucleotide sequence as Ai, and a second oligonucleotideprimer that is complementary to Ci′ (i.e., Ci). The firstoligonucleotide primer also includes a UniTaq detection probe (Bj, Bi)that has a detectable label F1 on one end and a quencher molecule (Q) onthe other end (F1-Bj, Bi-Q-Ai). Optionally positioned proximal to thequencher is a polymerase-blocking unit, e.g., HEG, THF, Sp-18, ZEN, orany other blocker known in the art that is sufficient to stop polymeraseextension. PCR amplification results in the formation of double strandedproducts as shown in FIG. 21, step F). In this example, apolymerase-blocking unit prevents a polymerase from copying the 5′portion (Bj, Bi) of the first universal primer, such that the bottomstrand of product cannot form a hairpin when it becomes single-stranded.Formation of such a hairpin would result in the 3′ end of the stemannealing to the amplicon such that polymerase extension of this 3′ endwould terminate the PCR reaction.

The double stranded PCR products are denatured, and when the temperatureis subsequently decreased, the upper strand of product forms 3 hairpinsbetween Bi & Bi′, zi & zi′, and Bj & Bj′ (FIG. 21, step G). Also, duringthis step, the second oligonucleotide primer anneals to the 5′-primerspecific portion (Ci′) of the hairpinned product. Upon extension of thesecond universal primer in step G, 5′ nuclease activity of thepolymerase cleaves the detectable label D1 or the quencher molecule fromthe 5′ end of the amplicon, thereby increasing the distance between thelabel and the quencher and permitting detection of the label. As soon aspolymerase has traversed Bj′, the short zi-zi′ stem falls apart andpolymerase continues extending to create the dsDNA product.

Both the UniTaq probe and the split probe approach provide the advantageof allowing a standard set of primers/probes to be printed in theappropriate micro-pores or micro-wells. Note that the Ci primer willmake copies of the downstream LDR probe, independent of whether it wasligated to form a product or remained unligated. If that extensionproduct forms a primer dimer with the upstream probe/primer in theabsence of target using the UniTaq probe design, such a product(F1-Bi-Q-Ai-partial target-Bi′-Ci′) would allow for the Bi & Bi′ hairpinto form at the hybridization temperature, and then give a false-positivesignal. One advantage of the split probe design is that such a falseproduct (F1-Bj, Bi-Q-Ai-partial target-zi′, Bj′-Ci′) would not give afalse-positive signal since it would not form the Bi & Bi′, zi & zi′hairpins, leaving only the Bj & Bj′ sequences, which would not form astem at the hybridization temperature used in the amplificationreaction.

The ligation products may also be used to generate signal directly in aprocess termed PCR-qLDR, as exemplified below in FIGS. 22 and 23. Onesuch approach is described in WO/2016/057832 to Barany et al., which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, uses ligationdetection probes that generate a FRET or fluorescent signal afterligation.

In one embodiment, the first ligation probe contains a 3′ targetspecific region and a 5′ tail sequence with a donor or acceptor moietyand the second ligation probe in a probe set contains a 5′ targetspecific region and 3′ tail sequence with an acceptor or donor moiety,respectively. The 5′ and 3′ tail sequences of the ligation probes in aprobe set are complementary to each other and the acceptor and donorgroups generate a detectable signal via Förster Resonance EnergyTransfer (FRET) when brought in close proximity to each other. Followingligation, unligated oligonucleotide probes are washed away, and theligation product is denatured from the immobilized amplificationproducts. Upon denaturation, the complementary 5′ and 3′ tail sequencesof the ligation products hybridize to each other bringing the donor andacceptor groups in close proximity to each other to generate adetectable FRET signal.

In another embodiment, the upstream probe may contain a fluorescentreporter group on the 5′ end followed by the tail sequence portion, aquenching group (e.g., ZEN), and the target-specific portion. In thesingle-stranded form, the fluorescent group is quenched by the Zengroup. Upon ligation of the upstream and downstream ligation probes anddenaturation of the resulting the ligation product, the complementary 5′and 3′ tail portions of the ligation product hybridize to form a shortdouble stranded portion. Under these conditions, the reporter group isno longer quenched by the quenching group and a detectable signal isproduced. This is referred to as a hybridization unquenching probe(HuQP).

An approach for qLDR that does not require PCR is termed “MultipleLigase Reactions and Probe Cleavages for SNP Detection”—(Kim, “PCR FreeMultiple Ligase Reactions and Probe Cleavages for the SNP Detection ofKRAS Mutation with Attomole Sensitivity,” Analyst 141(16):6381-6386(2016), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Inthis approach, two primers are hybridized to, and ligated on a target ifthere is perfect complementarity with the target at the junction. Thetwo primers also contain non-complementary sequences on theirnon-ligating 3′ and 5′ ends. After ligation, the ligation products(LP's) are complexed with a strand displacing hairpin (SDH) due to thehigher melting temperature (Tm) of the LP with the SDH than with thetarget. The free target then can be recycled for a new ligation with thetwo primers. The addition of the SDH to the ligase reaction allowsmultiple enzymatic ligations of the two primers for each single targetduring the isothermal condition. To generate a detectable signal, theSNP-specific ligation is followed by a modified cycling probe assay withgold nanoparticles (AuNPs). In the cycling probe assay, the target-boundchimeric probe with a fluorescent donor and quencher at either end isdigested with RNase H. RNase H cleaves RNA phosphodiester bonds onlywhen they present in an RNA-DNA heteroduplex; it does not digest the DNAin the heteroduplex, nor does it digest single- or double-stranded RNAor DNA. The cycling probe assay is designed to utilize these propertiesof RNase H. When the target DNA strand becomes free upon RNAdegradation, another intact RNA molecule can hybridize with the DNA,leading to linear signal amplification.

FIG. 22 illustrates another exemplary PCR-qLDR (UniLDq) for unknownpathogen identification. This method starts by isolating pathogengenomic DNA as shown in step A. If the pathogen is an RNA virus, aninitial reverse-transcriptase step is used to generate cDNA. As shown inFIG. 22 (step B), the sample is subject to an amplification reaction,e.g., a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify target-containingregions of interest in an Initial Reaction Chamber. In this embodiment,the ligation probes are designed to contain tag sequences to facilitatedetections. In another embodiment primers contain identical 8-11 basetails on their 5′ ends to prevent primer dimers from amplifying.Distribute initial PCR products into 384 or 768 micro-wells ormicro-pores (Step C).

Pathogen-specific ligation oligonucleotides have tags (Bi′-ti′-upstreamtarget sequence; downstream target sequence-tj′-Bj′) for subsequentdetection. The ti′ and tj′ sequences are complementary to sequences ti,tj in the target at the ligation junction. When detecting specific SNPsor mutations, blocking LNA or PNA wild-type probes suppress ligation towild-type sequence. As illustrated in step D of this figure, anotherlayer of specificity can be incorporated into the method by including a3′ cleavable blocking group (Blk 3′, e.g. C3 spacer), and an RNA base(r), in the upstream ligation probe. Upon target-specific hybridization,RNase H (star symbol) removes the RNA base to generate a ligationcompetent 3′OH group (FIG. 22, step D). Once the target-specificoligonucleotide probes are hybridized to the amplified products, and theoptional RNaseH step liberates the 3′OH group, ligase (filled circle)covalently seals the two oligonucleotides together when hybridized totheir complementary sequence (FIG. 22, step E).

In the presence of probe (F1-r-Bj, Bi-Q), and after the denaturationstep, as the temperature decreases, 4 double-stranded stems form betweenprobe and pathogen-specific sequences (ti & ti′; tj & tj′), Bi & Bi′,and Bj & Bj′. This renders the ribose base in the Bj sequencedouble-stranded, enabling RNaseH2 to liberate the fluorescent group andgenerate signal (FIG. 22, step F). The cleaved probe dissociates fromthe product and new probe can hybridize to generate additional signal.Unligated LDR primers would not form all hairpins, and thus RNaseH2would not liberate signal. In one embodiment of this approach, after thePCR reaction, products are distributed into micro-wells or micro-pores,which already contain the target-specific LDR primers, as well as theuniversal probe(s).

FIG. 23 illustrates another exemplary PCR-qLDR (TsLDG) for unknownpathogen identification. This method starts by isolating pathogengenomic DNA as shown in step A. If the pathogen is an RNA virus, aninitial reverse-transcriptase step is used to generate cDNA. As shown inFIG. 23 (step B), the sample is subject to an amplification reaction,e.g., a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify target-containingregions of interest in an Initial Reaction Chamber. In this embodiment,the ligation probes are designed to contain tag sequences to facilitatedetections. In another embodiment primers contain identical 8-11 basetails on their 5′ ends to prevent primer dimers from amplifying.Distribute initial PCR products into 384 or 768 micro-wells ormicro-pores (Step C).

Pathogen-specific ligation oligonucleotides have tags (Bi′-upstreamtarget sequence; downstream target sequence-tj′) for subsequentdetection. The tj′ sequence is complementary to the tj sequence in thetarget at the ligation junction. When detecting specific SNPs ormutations, blocking LNA or PNA wild-type probes suppress ligation towild-type sequence. As illustrated in step D of this figure, anotherlayer of specificity can be incorporated into the method by including a3′ cleavable blocking group (Blk 3′, e.g. C3 spacer), and an RNA base(r), in the upstream ligation probe. Upon target-specific hybridization,RNase H (star symbol) removes the RNA base to generate a ligationcompetent 3′OH group (FIG. 23, step D). Once the target-specificoligonucleotide probes are hybridized to the amplified products, and theoptional RNaseH step liberates the 3′OH group, ligase (filled circle)covalently seals the two oligonucleotides together when hybridized totheir complementary sequence (FIG. 23, step E).

In the presence of probe (F1-r-pathogen sequence-Bi-Q), and after thedenaturation step, as the temperature decreases, 2 double-stranded stemsform between pathogen-specific sequences (ti,tj & ti′,tj′), and Bi &Bi′. This renders the ribose base in the pathogen sequencedouble-stranded, enabling RNaseH2 to liberate the fluorescent group andgenerate signal. The cleaved probe dissociates from the product and newprobe can hybridize to generate additional signal. Unligated LDR primerswould not form both stems, and thus RNaseH2 would not liberate signal.In one embodiment of this approach, after the PCR reaction, products aredistributed into micro-wells or micro-pores, which already contain thetarget-specific LDR primers, as well as the pathogen sequence specificprobe(s).

To what extent does qLDR with a cleavable probe (cP) generate moresignal than when using LDR with either a FRET probe, or hybridizationunquenching (HuQP) probe. The latter generates a linear signal as afunction of cycle, i.e. if running “X” cycles of LDR, then amount offluorescent signal generated “F” is proportional to X; i.e. F=f(X). Whenusing the cleavable probe as in FIGS. 22 and 23, the amount of signalgenerated is a function of both the number of times the probe is cleaved“C” during a single LDR cycle, and the number of cycles X; i.e.F=f(X)(X−1)C. On a practical level, 50 cycles of LDR-FRET or LDR-HuQPwill give a dynamic range of 50-fold signal change, while 50 cycles ofLDR-cP will give a dynamic range of 1,225-fold signal change.

FIG. 24 is a schematic front view of a portion of an exemplary designfor pre-chamber loading to allow for liquids to be fluidically moved tothe chambers comprising of micro-wells or micro-pores. This designillustrates the chamber architecture and micro-wells or micro-poressuitable for performing Multiplexed PCR-Nested PCR-UniTaq detection.(Alternatively, Multiplexed PCR-Nested PCR-Real-time-PCR withtarget-specific Taqman™ probes), for unknown pathogen identification andquantification. In FIG. 24, the input sample is fluidically connected toa large hexagonal chamber 16 (containing trough 18; bottom, InitialReaction Chamber), which is fluidically connected by conduit 20 tohexagonal chambers 22 (containing large troughs 24 and baffles 23,Primary PCR Reaction Chambers), which are fluidically connected byconduit 26 to long narrower mixing chambers 28, which are fluidicallyconnected by conduit 30 to the chambers comprising subdivisions 32 ofmicro-wells or micro-pores (top of panel, with only 4 rows illustrated).The diagram is not to scale and is for illustrative purposes. Duringmanufacture of the cartridge, subdivision rows are pre-filled with 1-4UniTaq primer sets (or alternatively, 1-4 universal tag primer sets withtarget-specific Taqman™ probes). During manufacture of the cartridge,Primary PCR Reaction Chambers leading up to the columns of micro-wellsor micro-pores are pre-filled with nested PCR primer sets with eitherUniTaq or universal tag sequences on their 5′ ends. The grey circles 25on the right side of the drawing illustrate potential position fordelivering or printing probe sets, for example by acoustic dropletejection, capillary, inkjet, or quill printing. In this illustrativeexample, showing 4 each of the planned 24 columns 32 rows equaling 768subdivisions, each subdivision comprising 24 micro-wells or micro-pores,the initial multiplexed PCR amplification (or reverse-transcription-PCRfor RNA targets) is for 9 cycles to generate up to 512 copies of eachoriginal target in an Initial Reaction Chamber. If needed, fresh PCRreagents are added, and the initial multiplexed reaction is divided intothe Primary PCR Reaction Chambers (pre-filled with nested PCR primers asdescribed above), with average distribution of 20 copies of eachoriginal pathogen in each Primary PCR Reaction Chamber. Optionally,primers containing an RNA base and 3′ blocking group are unblocked withRNaseH2 only when bound to the correct target, providing additionalspecificity and avoiding false products. Perform 5 cycles of nested PCRusing target-specific primers with UniTaq or universal tags in groups of16, 32, or 64 primer sets, to generate an average of 640 copies of eachpathogen-specific target per Primary PCR Reaction Chamber. If needed,fresh PCR reagents are added, mixed with the nested PCR products of eachPrimary PCR Reaction Chambers, and distributed into mixing chambers andthen into micro-pores of each column. Universal or UniTaq primers ineach subdivision of each row will amplify only those products from eachcolumn with the correct tags. Poisson distribution in micro-pores willenumerate pathogen-specific targets initially present at low abundance,while Ct values across micro-pores in each subdivision will provideapproximate copy information for pathogen-specific targets initiallypresent at high abundance.

The cartridge design of FIG. 24 may also be used to perform MultiplexedPCR-LDR-UniTaq detection. (Alternatively, MultiplexedPCR-LDR-Real-time-PCR with target-specific Taqman™ probes), for unknownpathogen identification and quantification. During manufacture of thecartridge, Primary LDR Reaction Chambers leading up to the columns ofmicro-wells or micro-pores are pre-filled with LDR probe sets witheither UniTaq or universal tag sequences on their non-ligating 5′(upstream) and 3′ (downstream) ends. The grey circles 25 on the rightside of the drawing illustrate potential position for delivering orprinting probe sets, for example by acoustic droplet ejection,capillary, inkjet, or quill printing. The probes are dried down, and thecover part of the cartridge assembled to seal the probe sets in theirappropriate positions. During use of the cartridge, reactions arefluidically moved from the Initial Reaction Chamber of the cartridge upthrough the Primary LDR Reaction Chambers, the Mixing Chamber, andeventually up the columns of micro-wells or micro-pores, where eachcolumn is isolated from its neighbor column. In this illustrativeexample, showing 4 of the planned 24 columns and 8 of the 32 rowsequaling 768 subdivisions, each subdivision comprising 24 micro-wells ormicro-pores, the initial multiplexed PCR amplification (orreverse-transcription-PCR for RNA targets) is for 30 cycles to amplifyoriginal target in an Initial Reaction Chamber. Polymerase isinactivated (e.g. by heat killing or protease digestion), multiplexedproducts are diluted 10-fold into a ligase reaction mixture comprisingof ligase, ATP, or NAD, and distributed into the Primary LDR ReactionChambers (pre-filled with LDR probes as described above). Optionally,either PCR primers and/or LDR upstream probes containing an RNA base and3′ blocking group are unblocked with RNaseH2 only when bound to thecorrect target, providing additional specificity and avoiding falseproducts. Perform 20 cycles of LDR using allele-specific probes withUniTaq or universal tags in groups of 16, 32, or 64 primer sets. FreshPCR reagents are added, mixed with the LDR products of each Primary LDRReaction Chambers, and distributed into the Mixing Chambers and then themicro-pores of each column. Universal or UniTaq primers in eachsubdivision of each row will amplify only those products from eachcolumn with the correct tags. Ct values across the 24 micro-pores ineach subdivision will provide approximate copy information forpathogen-specific targets initially present at high abundance.

In an alternative embodiment using 48 columns and 48 rows equaling 2,304subdivisions, each subdivision comprising 96 micro-wells, 1-4 UniTaqprimer sets (or alternatively, 1-4 universal tag primer sets withtarget-specific Taqman™ probes) are delivered directly to theappropriate subdivision in each row by acoustic droplet ejection,capillary, inkjet, or quill printing, and then dried down intoindividual micro-wells. The initial multiplexed PCR amplification (orreverse-transcription-PCR for RNA targets) is for 10 cycles to generateup to 1,024 copies of each original target in an Initial ReactionChamber or well. If needed, use “tandem” PCR primers. Fresh PCR reagentsare added, and the initial multiplexed reaction is distributed into 48wells or Primary PCR Reaction Chambers (with nested PCR primers addedusing acoustic droplet ejection), with average distribution of 20 copiesof each original pathogen per well or Primary PCR Reaction Chamber.Optionally, primers containing an RNA base and 3′ blocking group areunblocked with RNaseH2 only when bound to the correct target, providingadditional specificity and avoiding false products. Perform 3-4 cyclesof nested PCR using target-specific primers with UniTaq or universaltags in groups of 24, or 48 primer sets, to generate an average of160-320 copies of each pathogen-specific target per well or Primary PCRReaction Chamber. Fresh PCR reagents are added, mixed with the nestedPCR products of each well or Primary PCR Reaction Chamber, anddistribute products of each well or Primary PCR Reaction Chamber into 2or 4 sets of 24 or 12 subdivisions respectively containing 96micro-wells. When using 2 sets, the second set is a 100/1 dilution ofthe first. When using 4 sets, each set is a 20/1 dilution of theprevious set. This allows coverage of pathogens present across manyorders of magnitude. On average, each initial subdivision will get 12copies of each original pathogen, with a given micro-well getting one orzero copies of original pathogen. If pathogen is present in highernumbers, each subdivision will get additional copies. Universal orUniTaq primers in each subdivision of each row will amplify only thoseproducts from each column with the correct tags. Poisson distribution in96 micro-wells will enumerate pathogen-specific targets initiallypresent at low abundance, while Ct values across micro-wells in asubdivision will provide approximate copy information forpathogen-specific targets initially present at high abundance.

FIGS. 25A-25B are schematic side views of cartridge 4, valve, andreagent setup for identifying and quantifying unknown pathogen usingMultiplexed PCR-Nested PCR-Real-time-PCR with UniTaq or target-specificTaqman™ probes; identifying and quantifying unknown mutations atlow-level in plasma using Multiplexed PCR-LDR-Real-time-PCR with UniTaqor mutation-specific Taqman™ probes; and identifying and quantifyingmethylations and unknown mutations at low-level in plasma usingMultiplexed PCR-LDR-Real-time-PCR with UniTaq or target-specific Taqman™probes. FIG. 25A is a schematic front view illustrating fluidicconnection of micro-channels to the array of micro-wells or micro-pores,with 50-micron diameter. For simplicity, the figure illustrates oneInitial Multiplex Reaction Chamber 10, 16 Primary multiplex PCR ReactionChambers 16 with troughs 18, 16 Secondary multiplex Reaction Chambers 22with troughs 24 and baffles 23, 16 Narrow Mixing Chambers 28, and onemain Chamber comprising subdivisions 32 of 16 columns and thousands ofmicro-pores or micro-wells. These are coupled together by conduits 14,20, 26, and 30 as shown. Fluid enters cartridge 4 through inlet 2 andleaves through outlet 8. However, other configurations of the chambersmay also be used, for example the multiplexed PCR-Nested PCR-Real-timePCR for pathogen detection described in FIG. 24 would not require theSecondary multiplex Reaction Chambers. FIG. 25B illustrates the fluidicssystem for multiplexed PCR-Nested PCR-Real-time PCR with UniTaq ortarget specific Taqman™ probes using a micro-pore plate system (asgenerally described in FIGS. 11-12) composed of thousands of micro-pores202. The micro-pore plate is fluidically accessible from both sides ofthe pores: the first side (top of plate, illustrated on left side ofplate) is in communication with Valves 1, 2, & 3 while the second side(bottom of plate, illustrated on right side of plate) is incommunication with Valves 4 & 5. Valve 1 dispenses a lysis/proteasebuffer, enzymes, wash buffer, elute buffer, buffer, EtOH, Light Oil, andHeavy Oil, as needed through the Initial Multiplex Reaction Chamber, theprimary PCR Reaction Chambers, and additional chambers across the firstside of the micro-pore plate through Valve 3 to Waste. In addition,Valve 1 can select a Waste port, which can be used to vacate the firstside of micro-pore plate, other chambers, PCR Reaction Chambers, andinitial multiplex Reaction Chambers by the introduction of Air throughValve 3 in a reverse direction. Valve 1 can also select Valve 2. Valve 2dispenses Initial multiplex PCR primers, Master PCR Mix, initialreverse-transcription primers, Master reverse transcription mix, Wash,EtOH, & Air through Initial Multiplex Reaction Chamber, the PCR ReactionChambers, and additional chambers across the first side of themicro-pore plate through Valve 3 to Waste. Valve 4 dispenses Air, LightOil, Heavy Oil and Waste across the second side of the micro-pore platethrough Valve 5 to Waste. In addition, Valve 1 can select a Waste port,which can be used to vacate the second side micro-pore plate byintroduction of Air through Valve 5 in a reverse direction.

TABLE 3 Reagent Setup for Multiplexed PCR - Nested PCR - Real-Time-PCRPort Valve 1 Valve 2 Valve 4 Valves 3/5 1 Lysis/Protease Buf. InitialPCR Air Waste primers 2 Wash Master PCR mix Light Oil Air 3 Elute BufferInitial RT primers Heavy Oil Or connect with 4 Enz/Prim. from V2 MasterRT mix Empty Air/waste of 5 Empty (Pre-mix) Buffer Valve 1/4 6 WasteWash 7 Buffer ETOH 8 ETOH Air 9 Air Empty 10 Light Oil Empty 11 HeavyOil Empty 12 Hexanol Empty

FIG. 25B illustrates several heating elements 1-4 that would be designedto provide independent heating/cooling to the Initial Multiplex ReactionChamber 10, the Primary 24-48 multiplex PCR reaction Chambers 16, theSecondary 24-48 multiplex Reaction Chambers 22, and the main Chamber 28comprising of 24-48 columns and thousands of micro-pores or micro-wells202 of subdivisions 32. The back plate 206 (opposite front plate 204),or one or more flat surface(s) 244 and 246 of the micro-pore ormicro-well channel(s) 240 and 242, and the reaction chambers may bepressed against these heating elements to allow for temperature control,heating, and/or thermocycling. As illustrated in FIG. 25, the twoheating elements behind the Primary 24-48 multiplex PCR reactionChambers 16, the Secondary 24-48 multiplex Reaction Chambers 22 would bedesigned as two rectangular (horizontal) strips to control all thePrimary Chambers independently of all the Secondary Chambers.Alternative configurations may also be used, for example havingindependent heating elements for each Primary Chamber, having additionalrows of chambers (i.e. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, etc.) havingadditional rows or heating elements, and/or having the 24-48 spatialmultiplexing arranged in a different geometry than rows or columns, foreither/or the Initial Reaction Chamber 10, the Primary Chambers 16, theSecondary Chambers 22, the Mixing Chambers 28, and the main chambercomprising subdivisions of the thousands of micro-wells or micro-pores.For example, a plate may comprise 24 separate input wells, eachfluidically connect to an individual Primary multiplex PCR reactionChamber 16, an individual Secondary multiplex Reaction Chamber 22, anindividual Mixing chamber 28, and an individual Chamber comprisingsubdivisions of hundreds to thousands of micro-pores or micro-wells.Samples may undergo an optional initial multiplexed reaction, and thenimported into the 24 individual input wells via acoustic dropletejection or other fluidic means.

FIG. 26 (steps A-F) illustrates an exemplary PCR-PCR-qPCR for unknownbacterial pathogen identification directly from blood. This methodstarts by isolating pathogen genomic DNA as shown in step A. Anypre-capture of bacteria directly from the blood, i.e. by using aptamersor antibodies will facilitate detection. The challenge is to amplify outthe rare bacterial DNA from the massive excess of WBC DNA. As shown inFIG. 26 (step B), the sample is distributed into 24, 36, or 48 PrimaryPCR Reaction Chambers, each of which is subject to an amplificationreaction, e.g., a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplifytarget-containing regions of interest. The multiplexed PCR amplificationreaction is carried out using target-specific primers and adeoxynucleotide mix. Optionally, a strand-displacing polymerase is used,with tandem or multiple primers for each target. In one embodiment,limited cycle amplification (12-20 cycles) is performed. In anotherembodiment, primers contain identical 8-11 base tails on their 5′ endsto prevent primer dimers from amplifying.

As shown in FIG. 26 step C, target-specific oligonucleotide secondaryprimers are hybridized to the primary amplified products and polymerase(filled diamond) is used to amplify target-containing regions ofinterest in Secondary PCR Reaction Chambers. As illustrated in step C ofthis figure, another layer of specificity can be incorporated into themethod by including a 3′ cleavable blocking group (Blk 3′, e.g. C3spacer), and an RNA base (r), in the secondary primers. Upontarget-specific hybridization, RNase H (star symbol) removes the RNAbase to generate a polymerase extension competent 3′OH group (FIG. 26,step C). Following the nested primer amplification, products of eachSecondary PCR Reaction Chamber are distributed into 384 or 768micro-wells or micro-pores. The PCR products can be detected using pairsof matched primers Ai and Ci, and TaqMan™ probes that span the ligationjunction as described supra for FIG. 16 (see FIG. 26, steps D-F), orusing other suitable means known in the art.

FIG. 27 (steps A-F) illustrates another exemplary PCR-PCR-qPCR forunknown bacterial pathogen identification directly from blood. Thismethod starts the same as illustrated in FIG. 26 with initialdistribution of target nucleic acids into Primary PCR Reaction Chambersand multiplexed PCR amplifications, except it uses the UniTaq readout.

As shown in FIG. 27 step C, target-specific oligonucleotide secondaryprimers are hybridized to the primary amplified products and polymerase(filled diamond) is used to amplify target-containing regions ofinterest in the Secondary PCR Reaction Chambers. As illustrated in stepC of this figure, another layer of specificity can be incorporated intothe method by including a 3′ cleavable blocking group (Blk 3′, e.g. C3spacer), and an RNA base (r), in the secondary primers. Upontarget-specific hybridization, RNase H (star symbol) removes the RNAbase to generate a polymerase extension competent 3′OH group (FIG. 27,step C). Following the nested primer amplification, products of eachSecondary PCR Reaction Chamber are distributed into 384 or 768micro-wells or micro-pores. The PCR products are amplified usingUniTaq-specific primers (i.e., F1-Bi-Q-Ai, Ci) and detected as describedsupra for FIG. 17 (see FIG. 27, steps D-G), or using other suitablemeans known in the art.

The cartridge design of FIG. 24 may also be used to perform MultiplexedPCR-Nested PCR-UniTaq detection of unknown bacterial pathogen, directlyfrom blood. (Alternatively, Multiplexed PCR-Nested PCR-Real-time-PCRwith target-specific Taqman™ probes). During manufacture of thecartridge, rows are pre-filled with 1-4 UniTaq primer sets (oralternatively, 1-4 universal tag primer sets with target-specificTaqman™ probes). During use of the cartridge, reactions are fluidicallymoved from the Initial Reaction chambers of the cartridge up through thePrimary PCR Reaction Chambers, the Mixing Chambers and eventually up thecolumns of micro-wells or micro-pores, where each column is isolatedfrom its neighbor column. In this illustrative example, with 24 columnsand 32 rows equaling 768 subdivisions, each subdivision comprising 24micro-wells or micro-pores, the sample is divided into the 24 columns,and the initial multiplexed PCR amplification is with strand-displacingpolymerase and large sets of tandem or more primer sets with 10-12 bptails, for 20 cycles to generate 1,000,000 copies of each originaltarget, if present. Nested primers containing an RNA base and 3′blocking group are unblocked with RNaseH2 only when bound to the correcttarget, providing additional specificity and avoiding false products. 10cycles of nested PCR are performed using target-specific primers withUniTaq or universal tags in groups of 16, 32, or 64 primer sets in eachPrimary PCR Reaction Chamber. If needed, fresh PCR reagents are added,mixed with the nested PCR products of each Primary PCR Reaction Chamber,and distributed into Mixing Chambers and then into micro-wells ormicro-pores of each column. Universal or UniTaq primers in eachsubdivision of each row will amplify only those products from eachcolumn with the correct tags. Pre-amplification of target and use oftails to prevent primer dimer formation will allow identification ofbacterial pathogens at the single cell level.

In an alternative embodiment using 48 columns and 48 rows equaling 2,304subdivisions, each subdivision comprising 96 micro-wells, 1-4 UniTaqprimer sets (or alternatively, 1-4 universal tag primer sets withtarget-specific Taqman™ probes) are delivered directly to theappropriate subdivisions in each row by acoustic droplet ejection,capillary, inkjet, or quill printing, and then dried down intoindividual micro-wells. Initial sample is distributed into 48 wells. 9cycles of multiplexed PCR are performed in a well or an Initial ReactionChamber, maximum of 512 copies of each original pathogen, if present.Use “tandem” or more PCR primer sets. Also, all PCR primers includeidentical 5′ tail sequences, preferably 10-12 bases to suppressamplification of primer dimers. On average, each initial subdivisionwill get 10 copies of each original pathogen, with a given micro-wellgetting one or zero copies of original pathogen. If pathogen is presentin higher numbers, each subdivision will get additional copies.Universal or UniTaq primers in each subdivision of each row will amplifyonly those products from each column with the correct tags. Poissondistribution in 96 micro-wells will enumerate pathogen-specific targetsinitially present at low abundance, while Ct values across micro-wellswill provide approximate copy information for pathogen-specific targetsinitially present at high abundance.

FIG. 28 illustrates another exemplary PCR-LDR-qPCR reaction (withoptional carryover prevention) to detect low-level mutations. Genomic orcfDNA is isolated (FIG. 28, step A), and distributed into 24, 36, 48, or64 wells or Primary PCR Reaction Chambers prior to PCR. The isolated DNAsample is optionally treated with UDG to digest dU containing nucleicacid molecules that may be present in the sample (FIG. 28, step B). Theregion of interest is selectively amplified using locus-specificupstream primers, locus-specific downstream primers, a blocking LNA orPNA probe comprising wild-type sequence, and a deoxynucleotide mix thatoptionally includes dUTP. In this embodiment, another layer ofselectivity can be incorporated into the method by including a 3′cleavable blocking group (Blk 3′, e.g. C3 spacer), and an RNA base (r),in the upstream primer. Upon target-specific hybridization, RNase H(star symbol) removes the RNA base to liberate a 3′OH group which is afew bases upstream of the mutation, and suitable for polymeraseextension (FIG. 28, step B). A blocking LNA or PNA probe comprisingwild-type sequence that partially overlaps with the upstream PCR primerwill preferentially compete in binding to wild-type sequence over theupstream primer, but not as much to mutant DNA, and thus suppressesamplification of wild-type DNA during each round of PCR. The amplifiedproducts optionally contain dU as shown in FIG. 28, step C, which allowsfor subsequent treatment with UDG or a similar enzyme for carryoverprevention. Distribute products from each Primary PCR Reaction Chamberinto corresponding Secondary LDR Reaction Chambers.

As shown in FIG. 28 step D, target-specific oligonucleotide probes arehybridized to the amplified products and ligase (filled circle)covalently seals the two oligonucleotides together when hybridized totheir complementary sequence. In this embodiment, the upstreamoligonucleotide probe having a sequence specific for detecting themutation of interest further contains a 5′ primer-specific portion (Ai)to facilitate subsequent detection of the ligation product. Once again,the presence of blocking LNA or PNA probe comprising wild-type sequencesuppresses ligation to wild-type target sequence if present after theenrichment of mutant sequence during the PCR amplification step. Thedownstream oligonucleotide probe, having a sequence common to bothmutant and wild-type sequences contains a 3′ primer-specific portion(Ci′) that, together with the 5′ primer specific portion (Ai) of theupstream probe having a sequence specific for detecting the mutation,permit subsequent amplification and detection of only mutant ligationproducts. As illustrated in step D of this Figure, another layer ofspecificity can be incorporated into the method by including a 3′cleavable blocking group (Blk 3′, e.g. C3 spacer), and an RNA base (r),in the upstream ligation probe. Upon target-specific hybridization,RNase H (star symbol) removes the RNA base to generate a ligationcompetent 3′OH group (FIG. 28, step D). Following ligation, products ofeach Secondary LDR Reaction Chamber are distributed into 384 or 768micro-wells or micro-pores. The ligation products can be detected usingpairs of matched primers Ai and Ci, and TaqMan™ probes that span theligation junction as described supra for FIG. 19 (see FIG. 28, stepsE-G), or using other suitable means known in the art.

FIG. 29 illustrates another exemplary PCR-LDR-qPCR reaction (withoptional carryover prevention) to detect low-level mutations. Genomic orcfDNA is isolated (FIG. 29, step A), and distributed into 24, 36, 48, or64 wells or Primary PCR Reaction Chambers prior to PCR. The isolated DNAsample is optionally treated with UDG to digest dU containing nucleicacid molecules that may be present in the sample (FIG. 29, step B).Upstream locus-specific primers are designed a few bases upstream of themutation, and include a 3′ cleavable blocking group (Blk 3′, e.g. C3spacer), and an RNA base (r). Upon target-specific hybridization, RNaseH (star symbol) removes the RNA base to liberate a 3′OH that is suitablefor polymerase extension (FIG. 29, step B). A blocking LNA or PNA probecomprising wild-type sequence that partially overlaps with the upstreamPCR primer will preferentially compete in binding to wild-type sequenceover the upstream primer, but not as much to mutant DNA, and thussuppresses amplification of wild-type DNA during each round of PCR. Theamplified products optionally contain dU as shown in FIG. 29, step C,which allows for subsequent treatment with UDG or a similar enzyme forcarryover prevention. Distribute products from each Primary PCR ReactionChamber into corresponding Secondary LDR Reaction Chambers.

As shown in FIG. 29 step D, target-specific oligonucleotide probes arehybridized to the amplified products and ligase (filled circle)covalently seals the two oligonucleotides together when hybridized totheir complementary sequence. In this embodiment, the upstreamoligonucleotide probe having a sequence specific for detecting themutation of interest further contains a 5′ primer-specific portion (Ai)to facilitate subsequent detection of the ligation product. Once again,the presence of blocking LNA or PNA probe comprising wild-type sequencesuppresses ligation to wild-type target sequence if present after theenrichment of mutant sequence during the PCR amplification step. Thedownstream oligonucleotide probe, having a sequence common to bothmutant and wild-type sequences contains a 3′ primer-specific portion(Bi′-Ci′) that, together with the 5′ primer specific portion (Ai) of theupstream probe having a sequence specific for detecting the mutation,permit subsequent amplification and detection of only mutant ligationproducts. As illustrated in step D of this Figure, another layer ofspecificity can be incorporated into the method by including a 3′cleavable blocking group (Blk 3′, e.g. C3 spacer), and an RNA base (r),in the upstream ligation probe. Upon target-specific hybridization,RNase H (star symbol) removes the RNA base to generate a ligationcompetent 3′OH group (FIG. 29, step D). Following ligation, products ofeach Secondary LDR Reaction Chamber are distributed into 384 or 768micro-wells or micro-pores. The ligation products are amplified usingUniTaq-specific primers (i.e., F1-Bi-Q-Ai, Ci) and detected as describedsupra for FIG. 20 (see FIG. 29, steps E-H), or using other suitablemeans known in the art.

FIG. 30 is a schematic front view of a portion of an exemplary designfor pre-chamber loading to allow for liquids to be fluidically moved tothe chambers comprising of micro-wells or micro-pores. This designillustrates the chamber architecture and micro-wells or micro-poressuitable for performing Multiplexed PCR-LDR-UniTaq detection, foridentifying and quantifying unknown mutations at low-level in plasma.(Alternatively, use Multiplexed PCR-LDR-Real-time-PCR withmutation-specific Taqman™ probes). In FIG. 30, the input sample isfluidically connected to and mixed with appropriate reagents in theInitial Reaction Chamber 10 (bottom) through entrance 12. InitialReaction Chamber 10 (bottom) is fluidically connected by conduit 14 to afirst set of hexagonal chambers 16 (containing small troughs 18, PrimaryPCR Reaction Chambers), which are fluidically connected by conduit 20 toa second set of hexagonal chambers 22 (containing large troughs 24 andbaffles 23, Secondary LDR Reaction Chambers), which are fluidicallyconnected by conduit 26 to long narrower mixing chambers 28, which arefluidically connected by conduit 30 to the chambers comprisingsubdivisions 32 of micro-wells or micro-pores (top of panel, with only 4rows illustrated). The diagram is not to scale and is for illustrativepurposes. During manufacture of the cartridge, rows are pre-filled with1-4 UniTaq primer sets (or alternatively, 1-4 universal tag primer setswith target-specific Taqman™ probes). During manufacture of thecartridge, Secondary LDR Reaction Chambers 22 leading up to the columnsof subdivisions of micro-wells or micro-pores are optionally pre-filledwith LDR probe sets with either UniTaq or universal tag sequences ontheir non-ligating 5′ (upstream) and 3′ (downstream) ends. The greycircles 25 on the left side of the drawing illustrate potential positionfor delivering or printing probe sets, for example by acoustic dropletejection, capillary, inkjet, or quill printing. The probes are drieddown, and the cover part of the cartridge assembled to seal the probesets in their appropriate positions. Alternatively, when using identicalLDR primer sets in each pre-chamber, they may be added after the PCRstep, without the need to initially print them in the cartridge. Duringuse of the cartridge, reactions are fluidically moved from the InitialReaction Chamber 10 of the cartridge up through the Primary PCR ReactionChambers 16, through the Secondary LDR Reaction Chambers 22, andeventually up the Mixing Chambers 28 and through the columns ofsubdivisions 32 of micro-wells or micro-pores, where each column isisolated from its neighbor column. In this illustrative example, showing4 each of the planned 24 columns and 32 rows equaling 768 subdivisions,each subdivision comprising 24 micro-wells or micro-pores, the initialmultiplexed PCR amplification is repeated in each of the initial PrimaryPCR Reaction Chambers 16 for 10-40 cycles in the presence of PNA or LNAto suppress amplification of wild-type sequence, but not mutantsequence. In another embodiment, to minimize dropout of fragments duringmultiplexed PCR, an initial “pre-amplification” multiplexed PCR isperformed for 8-20 cycles in the initial reaction chamber 10. Theseproducts are then distributed into the Primary PCR Reaction Chambers 16.In one variation, each of the primary reaction chambers contains from1-4 PCR primer sets with PNA or LNA to suppress amplification ofwild-type sequence, and single or multiplexed PCR is performed for anadditional 10-30 cycles to enable amplification of 1-4 differentfragments containing potential mutations in a single primary reactionchamber. In another variation, 6 sets of 4 primary reaction chamberscontains from 4-16 PCR primer sets with PNA or LNA to suppressamplification of wild-type sequence, and multiplexed PCR is performedfor an additional 10-30 cycles to enable amplification of 4-16 differentfragments containing potential mutations in a single primary reactionchamber. Polymerase is inactivated (e.g. by heat killing or proteasedigestion), each chamber of multiplexed products is diluted 10-fold intoa ligase reaction mixture comprising of ligase, ATP, or NAD, anddistributed into the corresponding Secondary LDR Reaction Chambers 22(pre-filled with LDR probes as described above). Optionally, either PCRprimers and/or LDR upstream probes containing an RNA base and 3′blocking group are unblocked with RNaseH2 only when bound to the correcttarget, providing additional specificity and avoiding false products.Perform 20 cycles of LDR using allele-specific probes with UniTaq oruniversal tags in groups of 16, 32, or 64 primer sets. LDR primers fordifferent mutations of the same gene may be designed to give the samesignal in the same subdivision. Fresh PCR reagents are added, mixed withthe LDR products of each Secondary LDR Reaction Chamber 22, anddistributed through the Mixing Chambers 28 and then into micro-pores ofeach column. Universal or UniTaq primers in each subdivision of each rowwill amplify only those products from each column with the correct tags.Presence or absence of specific mutations in each of the columns allowsfor enumerating the number of low-level mutations in plasma.

In an alternative embodiment using 48 columns and 48 rows equaling 2,304subdivisions, each subdivision comprising 96 micro-wells, 1-4 UniTaqprimer sets (or alternatively, 1-4 universal tag primer sets withtarget-specific Taqman™ probes) are delivered directly to theappropriate subdivisions in each row by acoustic droplet ejection,capillary, inkjet, or quill printing, and then dried down intoindividual micro-wells. Distribute initial sample into 48 wells orPrimary PCR Reaction Chambers 16. Highest level of DNA in plasma=10,000genome equivalents. On average, 200 copies of each target per PrimaryPCR Reaction Chamber 16, with at most 1 mutation. Perform 10-40 cyclesof locus-specific PCR with blocking PNA or LNA to reduce amplificationof wild-type DNA. Optional: Use dUTP during PCR reaction (and pre-treatwith UDG to avoid carryover contamination of initial sample).Optionally, either PCR primers and/or LDR upstream probes containing anRNA base and 3′ blocking group are unblocked with RNaseH2 only whenbound to the correct target, providing additional specificity andavoiding false products. Also, all downstream PCR primers includeidentical 5′ tail sequences, preferably 8-11 bases to suppressamplification of primer dimers. In another embodiment, to minimizedropout of fragments during multiplexed PCR, an initial“pre-amplification” multiplexed PCR is performed for 8-20 cycles in aninitial well or reaction chamber. These products are then distributedinto 48 wells or Primary PCR Reaction Chambers 16. In one variation,each of the 48 wells or primary reaction chambers contains from 1-4 PCRprimer sets with PNA or LNA to suppress amplification of wild-typesequence, and single or multiplexed PCR is performed for an additional10-30 cycles to enable amplification of 1-4 different fragmentscontaining potential mutations in a single well or primary reactionchamber. In another variation, 12 sets of 4 primary reaction chamberscontains from 4-16 PCR primer sets with PNA or LNA to suppressamplification of wild-type sequence, and multiplexed PCR is performedfor an additional 10-30 cycles to enable amplification of 4-16 differentfragments containing potential mutations in a single well or primaryreaction chamber. Dilute products of each well with LDR primers andbuffers. Perform 20 cycles of LDR using allele-specific primers withUniTaq tails, in groups of 16, 32, or 64 primer sets in wells orSecondary LDR Reaction Chamber 22. LDR primers for different mutationsof the same gene may be designed to give the same signal in the samesubdivision. LDR reactions may be performed in the same reactionchamber, or in 2 separate reaction chambers, and then re-combined. AddUniTaq master mix and UDG and distribute products of each well orSecondary LDR Reaction Chamber 22 into 48 subdivisions respectivelycontaining 96 micro-pores. The subdivisions have been pre-spotted withappropriate UniTaq primers, and/or probes; (see FIGS. 28, and 29). PCRamplify 1, 2, or 4 potential products in each micro-pore using thepre-spotted primer sets and determine Ct value in each micro-pore ofeach subdivision. Use one, two, or four different fluorescent dyes onthe UniTaq primers.

The cartridge and valve setup of FIG. 25 may also be used forquantifying unknown mutations at low-level in plasma using MultiplexedPCR-LDR-Real-time-PCR with UniTaq or mutation-specific Taqman™ probes.This figure also illustrates the fluidics system for multiplexedPCR-LDR-Real-time PCR with UniTaq or mutation-specific Taqman™ probesusing a micro-pore plate composed of thousands of micro-pores. Themicro-pore plate is fluidically accessible from both sides of the pores:the first side (top of plate, illustrated on left side of plate) is incommunication with Valves 1, 2, & 3 while the second side (bottom ofplate, illustrated on right side of plate) is in communication withValves 4 & 5. Valve 1 dispenses a lysis/protease buffer, enzymes, washbuffer, elute buffer, buffer, EtOH, Light Oil, and Heavy Oil, as neededthrough the Initial 24-48 multiplex PCR Reaction Chambers, the 24-48 LDRReaction Chambers, and additional chambers across the first side of themicro-pore plate through Valve 3 to Waste. In addition, Valve 1 canselect a Waste port, which can be used to vacate the first side ofmicro-pore plate, other chambers, LDR Reaction Chambers, and initialmultiplex PCR Reaction Chambers by the introduction of Air through Valve3 in a reverse direction. Valve 1 can also select Valve 2. Valve 2dispenses Initial multiplex PCR primers, optional LDR primers, MasterPCR Mix, Master LDR Mix, Master UDG Mix, buffer, Wash, EtOH, & Airthrough Initial 24-48 multiplex PCR Reaction Chambers, the 24-48 LDRReaction Chambers, and additional chambers across the first side of themicro-pore plate through Valve 3 to Waste. Valve 4 dispenses Air, LightOil, Heavy Oil and Waste across the second side of the micro-pore platethrough Valve 5 to Waste. In addition, Valve 1 can select a Waste port,which can be used to vacate the second side micro-pore plate byintroduction of Air through Valve 5 in a reverse direction.

TABLE 4 Reagent Setup for Multiplexed PCR - LDR - Real-Time-PCR PortValve 1 Valve 2 Valve 4 Valves 3/5 1 Lysis/Protease Buf. Initial PCR AirWaste primers 2 Wash Optional LDR Light Oil Air probes 3 Elute BufferMaster PCR mix Heavy Oil Or connect with 4 Enz/Prim. from V2 Master LDRmix Empty Air/waste of 5 Empty (Pre-mix) Master UDG mix Valve 1/4 6Waste Buffer 7 Buffer Wash 8 ETOH ETOH 9 Air Air 10 Light Oil Empty 11Heavy Oil Empty 12 Hexanol Empty

FIG. 25B illustrates several heating elements that would be designed toprovide independent heating/cooling to the Initial Multiplex ReactionChamber 10, the Primary 24-48 Multiplex PCR reaction Chambers 16, theSecondary 24-48 Multiplex Reaction Chambers 22, and the main Chambercomprising subdivisions of 24-48 columns and thousands of micro-pores ormicro-wells. The back plate, or one or more flat surface(s) of themicro-pore or micro-well chamber, and the reaction chambers may bepressed against these heating elements to allow for temperature control,heating, and/or thermocycling. As illustrated in FIG. 25, the twoheating elements behind the Primary 24-48 Multiplex PCR reactionChambers 10, the Secondary 24-48 Multiplex Reaction Chambers 22 would bedesigned as two rectangular (horizontal) strips to control all thePrimary Chambers independently of all the Secondary Chambers.Alternative configurations may also be used, for example the initialmultiplexed PCR may be divided into two steps (i) Single-sidedmultiplexed primer linear extension with or without blocking primer tosuppress extension of wild-type DNA, and (ii) Addition of thecomplementary primers for limited or extended PCR amplification of theinitial extension products. Such a configuration would require at leastfour independently controlled heating elements behind the (i) Primary24-48 multiplex polymerase extension reaction Chambers, (ii) theSecondary 24-48 multiplex Reaction Chambers, (iii) the Tertiary 24-48multiplex Reaction Chambers, and (iv) the main Chamber comprising of24-48 columns and thousands of micro-pores or micro-wells.

FIG. 31 illustrates another exemplary PCR-LDR-qPCR reaction (withoptional carryover prevention) to detect methylation. Genomic or cfDNAis isolated (FIG. 31, step A), and treated with Bsh1236I (CGACG) in theInitial Reaction Chamber to completely digest unmethylated DNA. Theisolated DNA sample is optionally treated with UDG to digest dUcontaining nucleic acid molecules that may be present in the sample(FIG. 31, step B). The enzymatically treated DNA is treated withbisulfite, which converts C but not 5meC to U, and renders the strandsnon-complementary. The bisulfite treated DNA is then distributed into24, 36, 48, or 64 wells or Primary PCR Reaction Chambers andlocus-specific regions containing the methylated CpG of interest areamplified using PCR (FIG. 31, step B). In this embodiment, another layerof selectivity can be incorporated into the method by including a 3′cleavable blocking group (Blk 3′, e.g. C3 spacer), and an RNA base (r),in the upstream primer. Upon target-specific hybridization, RNase H(star symbol) removes the RNA base to liberate a 3′OH group which is afew bases upstream of the mutation, and suitable for polymeraseextension (FIG. 31, step B). Downstream primers contain identical 8-11base tails on their 5′ ends to prevent primer dimers. The amplifiedproducts optionally contain dU as shown in FIG. 31, step C, which allowsfor subsequent treatment with UDG or a similar enzyme for carryoverprevention.

As shown in FIG. 31 step D, target-specific oligonucleotide probes arehybridized to the amplified products and ligase (filled circle)covalently seals the two oligonucleotides together when hybridized totheir complementary sequence in the Secondary LDR Reaction Chambers. Inthis embodiment, the upstream oligonucleotide probe having a sequencespecific for detecting the methylation status of the CpG of interestfurther contains a 5′ primer-specific portion (Ai) to facilitatesubsequent detection of the ligation product. The downstreamoligonucleotide probe contains a 3′ primer-specific portion (Ci′) that,together with the 5′ primer specific portion (Ai) of the upstream probehaving a sequence specific for detecting the mutation, permit subsequentamplification and detection of only methylation-specific ligationproducts. As illustrated in step D of this Figure, another layer ofspecificity can be incorporated into the method by including a 3′cleavable blocking group (Blk 3′, e.g. C3 spacer), and an RNA base (r),in the upstream ligation probe. Upon target-specific hybridization,RNase H (star symbol) removes the RNA base to generate a ligationcompetent 3′OH group (FIG. 31, step D). Following ligation, the ligationproducts can be detected using pairs of matched primers Ai and Ci, andTaqMan™ probes that span the ligation junction as described supra forFIG. 19 (see FIG. 31, steps E-G), or using other suitable means known inthe art.

FIG. 32 illustrates another exemplary PCR-LDR-qPCR reaction (withoptional carryover prevention) to detect methylation, with the sameinitial steps as in FIG. 31, steps A-C. As shown in FIG. 32 step D,target-specific oligonucleotide probes are hybridized to the amplifiedproducts and ligase (filled circle) covalently seals the twooligonucleotides together when hybridized to their complementarysequence. In this embodiment, the upstream oligonucleotide probe havinga sequence specific for detecting the methylation status of the CpG ofinterest further contains a 5′ primer-specific portion (Ai) tofacilitate subsequent detection of the ligation product. The downstreamoligonucleotide probe contains a 3′ primer-specific portion (Bi′-Ci′)that, together with the 5′ primer specific portion (Ai) of the upstreamprobe having a sequence specific for detecting the mutation, permitsubsequent amplification and detection of only methylation-specificligation products. As illustrated in step D of this figure, anotherlayer of specificity can be incorporated into the method by including a3′ cleavable blocking group (Blk 3′, e.g. C3 spacer), and an RNA base(r), in the upstream ligation probe. Upon target-specific hybridization,RNase H (star symbol) removes the RNA base to generate a ligationcompetent 3′OH group (FIG. 32, step D). Following ligation, the ligationproducts are amplified using UniTaq-specific primers (i.e., F1-Bi-Q-Ai,Ci) and detected as described supra for FIG. 20 (see FIG. 32, stepsE-H), or using other suitable means known in the art.

The cartridge design of FIG. 30 may also be used for performingMultiplexed PCR-LDR-UniTaq detection, for identifying and quantifyingmethylations and unknown mutations at low-level in plasma.(Alternatively, use Multiplexed PCR-LDR-Real-time-PCR with mutation ormethylation-specific Taqman™ probes).

The cartridge and valve setup of FIG. 25 may also be used forquantifying methylations and unknown mutations at low-level in plasmausing Multiplexed PCR-LDR-Real-time-PCR with UniTaq or target-specificTaqman™ probes. This figure illustrates the fluidics system formultiplexed PCR-LDR-Real-time PCR with UniTaq or target specific Taqman™probes using a micro-pore plate composed of thousands of micro-pores.The micro-pore plate is fluidically accessible from both sides of thepores: the first side (top of plate, illustrated on left side of plate)is in communication with Valves 1, 2, & 3 while the second side (bottomof plate, illustrated on right side of plate) is in communication withValves 4 & 5. Valve 1 dispenses a lysis/protease buffer, enzymes, washbuffer, elute buffer, buffer, EtOH, Light Oil, and Heavy Oil, as neededthrough the bisulfite reaction chamber, the initial 24-48 multiplex PCRReaction Chambers, the 24-48 LDR Reaction Chambers, and additionalchambers across the first side of the micro-pore plate through Valve 3to Waste. In addition, Valve 1 can select a Waste port, which can beused to vacate the first side of micro-pore plate, other chambers, LDRReaction Chambers, initial multiplex PCR Reaction Chambers, and thebisulfite reaction chamber by the introduction of Air through Valve 3 ina reverse direction. Valve 1 can also select Valve 2. Valve 2 dispensesinitial multiplex PCR primers for the methylation targets, initialmultiplex PCR primers for the mutation targets, optional LDR primers,Master PCR Mix, Master LDR Mix, Master UDG Mix, Bsh1236I, bisulfite,buffer, Wash, EtOH, & Air through the bisulfite reaction chamber,initial 24-48 multiplex PCR Reaction Chambers, the 24-48 LDR ReactionChambers, and additional chambers across the first side of themicro-pore plate through Valve 3 to Waste. Valve 4 dispenses Air, LightOil, Heavy Oil and Waste across the second side of the micro-pore platethrough Valve 5 to Waste. In addition, Valve 1 can select a Waste port,which can be used to vacate the second side micro-pore plate byintroduction of Air through Valve 5 in a reverse direction.

TABLE 5 Reagent Setup for Multiplexed PCR - LDR - Real-Time-PCR (withBisulfite). Port Valve 1 Valve 2 Valve 4 Valves 3/5 1 Lysis/Protease PCRprimers - Air Waste Buf. Meth. 2 Wash PCR primer - Light Oil Air Mut. 3Elute Buffer Optional LDR Heavy Oil Or connect probes with 4 Enz/Prim.from V2 Master PCR mix Empty Air/waste of 5 Empty (Pre-mix) Master LDRmix Valve 1/4 6 Waste Master UDG mix 7 Buffer Bsh1236I 8 ETOH Bisulfite9 Air Buffer 10 Light Oil Wash 11 Heavy Oil ETOH 12 Hexanol Air

FIG. 25B illustrates several heating elements that would be designed toprovide independent heating/cooling to the Initial Multiplex ReactionChamber 10, the Primary 24-48 Multiplex PCR reaction Chambers 16, theSecondary 24-48 Multiplex Reaction Chambers 22, and the main Chambercomprising subdivisions of 24-48 columns and thousands of micro-pores ormicro-wells. The back plate, or one or more flat surface(s) of themicro-pore or micro-well chamber, and the reaction chambers may bepressed against these heating elements to allow for temperature control,heating, and/or thermocycling. As illustrated in FIG. 25, the twoheating elements behind the Primary 24-48 Multiplex PCR reactionChambers 10, the Secondary 24-48 Multiplex Reaction Chambers 22 would bedesigned as two rectangular (horizontal) strips to control all thePrimary Chambers independently of all the Secondary Chambers.Alternative configurations may also be used. For example, the methylatedDNA may be enriched for using methyl-specific binding protein orantibody to methylated DNA instead of the Bsh1236I selection process.This step may take place either within the cartridge, or prior toentering the methyl-enriched DNA into the cartridge. After bisulfatetreatment, the initial multiplexed PCR may be divided into two steps (i)Single-sided multiplexed primer linear extension with or withoutblocking primer to suppress extension of unmethylated DNA, and (ii)Addition of the complementary primers for limited or extended PCRamplification of the initial extension products. Such a configurationwould require at least four independently controlled heating elementsbehind the (i) Primary 24-48 multiplex polymerase extension reactionChambers, (ii) the Secondary 24-48 multiplex Reaction Chambers, (iii)the Tertiary 24-48 multiplex Reaction Chambers, and (iv) the mainChamber comprising of 24-48 columns and thousands of micro-pores ormicro-wells.

FIG. 33 illustrates a RT-PCR-PCR-qPCR reaction to detect low-levelalternatively spliced transcripts. FIG. 33, step A illustrates thewild-type transcript containing exon 3a (top) and the low levelalternatively spliced transcript containing exon 3b (bottom) to bedetected. This method involves isolating mRNA and generating a cDNA copywith reverse-transcriptase using 3′ transcript-specific primers (i.e. toexon 4) in the Initial Reaction Chamber. Taq polymerase is activated toperform limited cycle PCR amplification (i.e. 7 cycles) to maintainrelative ratios of different amplicons (FIG. 33, step B). In oneembodiment, the initial multiplex reaction is distributed into 6 PrimaryPCR Reaction Chambers, with average distribution of 20 copies of eachoriginal transcript in each Primary PCR Reaction Chamber.

As shown in FIG. 33 step C, target-specific oligonucleotide secondaryprimers are hybridized to the primary amplified products and polymerase(filled diamond) is used to PCR amplify target-containing regions ofinterest (i.e. 10 cycles) in the Primary PCR Reaction Chambers. In thisembodiment, a primer specific for the alternative splice variant (i.e.,exon 3b), and which does not hybridize to the wild-type variant (i.e.,exon 3a), is utilized to only generate amplification productscorresponding to the alternative splice variant. Differentially diluteproducts from each of the 6 chambers into 4 smaller SecondaryReaction/Dilution Chambers for a total of 24 chambers. Following thenested primer amplification, the PCR products from each SecondaryReaction/Dilution Chamber are differentially diluted and distributedinto 384 or 768 micro-pores. The products are amplified usingUniTaq-specific primers (i.e., F1-Bi-Q-Ai, Ci) and detected as describedsupra for FIG. 20 (see FIG. 33, steps D-F), or using other suitablemeans known in the art.

FIG. 34 is a schematic front view of a portion of an exemplary designfor pre-chamber loading to allow for liquids to be fluidically moved tothe chambers comprising of micro-wells or micro-pores. This designillustrates the chamber architecture and micro-wells or micro-poressuitable for performing Multiplexed RT-PCR-Nested PCR-UniTaq detection,for enumeration of both rare and over-expressed lncRNA, mRNA, or splicevariants. (Alternatively, Multiplexed RT-PCR-Nested PCR-Real-time-PCRwith target-specific Taqman™ probes). In FIG. 34, the input sample isfluidically connected to the Initial Reaction Chamber 10 (bottom)through entrance 12. Initial Reaction Chamber 10 is fluidically coupledto hexagonal chamber 16 (containing large trough 18, comprising thePrimary PCR Reaction Chamber) by conduit 14. The Primary PCR ReactionChamber 16 is fluidically connected by conduit 20 to a second set ofhexagonal chambers 22 (each initial chamber connecting to 4 chambers,containing a large trough 24 a, medium trough 24 c, small trough 24 b,and very small trough 24 d, respectively, comprising the SecondaryReaction/dilution Chambers 22), which are fluidically connected byconduits 26 to long narrower mixing chambers 28, which are fluidicallyconnected by conduits 30 to the chambers of subdivisions 32 comprisingmicro-wells or micro-pores (top of panel, with only 4 rows illustrated).The diagram is not to scale and is for illustrative purposes. Duringmanufacture of the cartridge, rows are pre-filled with 1-4 UniTaq primersets (or alternatively, 1-4 universal tag primer sets withtarget-specific Taqman™ probes). During manufacture of the cartridge,chambers leading up to the columns of micro-wells or micro-pores arepre-filled with Nested PCR primer sets with either UniTaq or universaltag sequences on their 5′ ends. The grey circle 17 on the left side ofthe drawing illustrates a potential position for delivering or printingprimer sets, for example by acoustic droplet ejection, capillary,inkjet, or quill printing. The primers are dried down, and the coverpart of the cartridge assembled to seal the probe sets in theirappropriate positions. During use of the cartridge, reactions arefluidically moved from the initial chambers of the cartridge up thecartridge, and eventually up the columns of micro-wells or micro-pores,where each column is isolated from its neighbor column. In thisillustrative example, showing 4 each of the planned 24 columns and 32rows equaling 768 subdivisions, each subdivision comprising 24micro-wells or micro-pores, the initial multiplexedreverse-transcription-PCR is for 7 cycles to amplify original target inthe Initial Reaction Chamber. Distribute initial multiplex products intothe Primary PCR Reaction Chambers, with average distribution of 20copies of each original transcript in each Primary PCR Reaction Chamber.Perform 10 cycles of nested PCR using target-specific primers withUniTaq or universal tags in groups of 16, 32, or 64 primer sets. EachPrimary PCR Reaction Chamber is designed to retain a certain percentageof liquid volume after draining. Perform 3 cycles of filling anddraining to differentially dilute products. Distribute products fromeach of the Primary PCR Reaction Chamber into the SecondaryReaction/Dilution Chambers. Each Secondary Reaction/Dilution Chamber isdesigned to retain a certain percentage of liquid volume after draining.Perform 3 cycles of filling and draining to differentially diluteproducts. Distribute nested PCR products the mixing chambers and theninto micro-pores of each column. Universal or UniTaq primers in each rowwill amplify only those products from each column with the correct tags.Poisson distribution in micro-pores will enumerate low-copy,medium-copy, and high-copy lncRNA, mRNA, or splice variants.

In an alternative embodiment using 48 columns and 48 rows equaling 2,304subdivisions, each subdivision comprising 96 micro-wells, 1-4 UniTaqprimer sets (or alternatively, 1-4 universal tag primer sets withtarget-specific Taqman™ probes) are delivered directly to theappropriate subdivisions in each row by acoustic droplet ejection,capillary, inkjet, or quill printing, and then dried down intoindividual micro-wells. Perform 10 cycles of multiplexed RT-PCR, maximumof 1,024 copies of each original RNA molecule in the Initial ReactionChamber or well. If needed, use “tandem” PCR primers. Also, all PCRprimers may include identical 5′ tail sequences, preferably 10-11 basesto suppress amplification of primer dimers. Distribute initialmultiplexed products into 48 wells or Primary PCR Reaction Chambers.Average distribution in each well is 20 copies of each original RNAtarget. Perform 3-4 cycles of nested PCR using primers with UniTaqtails, in groups of 24, or 48 primer sets, for a maximum of 160-320copies of each original pathogen. Distribute products of each well into2 or 4 sets of 24 or 12 subdivisions respectively containing 96micro-pores. When using 2 sets, the second set is a 100/1 dilution ofthe first. When using 4 sets, each set is a 20/1 dilution of theprevious set. This allows coverage of RNA molecules present across manyorders of magnitude. On average, each initial subdivision will get 12copies of each original RNA molecule, with a given micro-pore gettingone or zero copies of original RNA. If RNA is present in higher numbers,each subdivision will get additional copies. PCR amplify 1, 2, or 4potential products in each micro-pore using the pre-spotted UniTaqprimer sets and determine Ct value in each micro-pore of eachsubdivision. Use one, two, or four different fluorescent dyes on theUniTaq primers. Poisson distribution in 96 micro-pores across 2 or 4dilution sets will provide some degree of enumeration for very low copyRNA, as well as higher copy RNA in sample.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a system for sequencingby synthesis or by ligation of target molecules on a solid support. Oneor more target molecules are amplified within a 5-micron diametermicro-pore, for example as described in FIG. 1. The target is amplifiedand immobilized or coupled to a solid support within the micro-pores ormicro-wells. Such immobilization may occur directly on the interiorsurface on the micro-pores or micro-wells, on dendrimeric primersimmobilized to the surface of the micro-pores or micro-wells, or onmicro-beads that are either already distributed within micro-pores ormicro-wells prior to amplification or are distributed into micro-poresor micro-wells after amplification. The micro-beads may be porous withconsiderably more surface area for higher levels of amplification thancould be achieved on the inside surface of a micro-pore aloneImmobilization or coupling to the solid support enables interrogatingthe amplified target one or more times to determine the presence orabsence of mutations, SNps or sequence variations within the target.

Standard approaches for detecting sequencing-by-synthesis fluorescentproduct depend on amplifying only one target per well and using a singleuniversal primer to generate sequencing reads. One approach foramplifying single target molecules is to immobilize both forward andreverse primers on a solid support, known as cluster amplification.However this approach limits total yield of strands within a cluster,since extension products tend to re-hybridize with each other ratherthan with fresh primers. An alternative approach is to amplify DNA onbeads within aqueous droplets, surrounded by oil. Herein, a simplerapproach is proposed, wherein the amplification takes place in solution,and products are then captured on the solid support, or on immobilizedprimers, that are then extended to make copies of the amplifiedproducts. This allows for the reactions to take place in larger volumes,resulting in higher yields of multiple amplified products, that may thenbe sequenced using selected target-specific primers, or alternatively,different sets of sequencing primers comprising of common and variableregions. For each round of sequencing, with appropriate loading andprimer selection, about 30%-35% of the micro-pores will provide a uniquesequencing read.

The micro-pores and micro-wells are constructed to have hydrophilicsurfaces within and hydrophobic surfaces on the outside. Thisarchitecture is suitable for drawing the sample fluids into discreteisolated volumes of liquids, enabling amplification without cross-talkbetween micro-pores or micro-wells. Further, the hydrophilic surface canbe functionalized for attachment/immobilization of primers within themicro-pores or micro-wells, but not outside so there can be nocross-talk.

When the solid support is comprised of Poly(methyl methacrylate)—(a.k.a.PMMA, Plexiglass, Lucite)—, cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), polyethylene,or polypropylene sheeting one approach is to create the micro-pores ormicro-wells via UV laser ablation. Alternatively, the micro-pores andmicro-wells are created via injection molding, imprinting, hotembossing, or etching, and those specific surfaces exposed to UV lightusing a masking approach. These processes generate a carboxylatesurface, suitable for EDC/NHS mediated covalently linkage of 5′amino-terminated oligonucleotides to generate micro-arrays (Situma etal., “Fabrication of DNA Microarrays onto Poly(methyl Methacrylate) withUltraviolet Patterning and Microfluidics for the Detection ofLow-abundant Point Mutations,” Anal Biochem 340(1):123-35 (2005);McCarley et al., “Resist-free Patterning of Surface Architectures inPolymer-based Microanalytical Devices,” J Am Chem Soc. 127(3):842-3(2005); Soper et al., “Fabrication of DNA Microarrays onto PolymerSubstrates Using UV Modification Protocols With Integration IntoMicrofluidic Platforms for the Sensing of Low-abundant DNA PointMutations,” Methods 37(1):103-13 (2005); Wang et al., “MicroarraysAssembled in Microfluidic Chips Fabricated From Poly(MethylMethacrylate) for the Detection of Low-Abundant DNA Mutations,” AnalChem. 75(5):1130-40 (2003), which are hereby incorporated by referencein their entirety).

In an alternative embodiment, covalently attached polymer brushes aregrown on the surface of PMMA by atom transfer radical polymerization(ATRP) (Balamurugan et al., “Aqueous-based Initiator Attachment and ATRPGrafting of Polymer Brushes from Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Substrates,”Langmuir 28(40):14254-60 (2012), which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety). This approach is based on the covalentimmobilization of an ATRP initiator on PMMA surfaces and subsequentsurface-initiated aqueous ATRP formation of Poly(N isopropylacrylamide)PNIPAAm. Briefly, selected regions of PMMA are UV modified to introducecarboxylic acid functional groups, which are subsequently converted toamino groups by reacting with ethylenediamine in EDC/NHS. Theseamine-functionalized PMMA surfaces are then reacted with the activatedester of the ATRP initiator;N-hydroxysuccinimidyl-2-bromo-2-methylpropionate. From the covalentlyattached initiator surfaces, atom-transfer polymerization in water iscarried out to grow PNIPAAm brushes. This aqueous-based route tografting polymers from surfaces can be adaptable to a variety ofsubstrates and water-soluble ATRP monomers.

In an alternative embodiment, COC surfaces were photografted withpoly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) using a two-step sequentialapproach: covalently-bound surface initiators are formed in the firststep and graft polymerization of PEGMA is then carried out from thesesites in the second step. (Stachowiak et al., “Hydrophilic SurfaceModification of Cyclic Olefin Copolymer Microfluidic Chips UsingSequential Photografting,” J Sep Sci. 30(7):1088-93 (2007), which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). A similar approach isalso used for low-density polyethylene films. (Wang et al., “SurfaceModification of Low-Density Polyethylene Films by UV-Induced GraftCopolymerization and Its Relevance to Photolamination,” Langmuir14(4):921-927 (1998), which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety).

In an alternative embodiment, hydrophobic surfaces are converted tohydrophilic ones using a hydrophilic coating (Zilio et al., “UniversalHydrophilic Coating of Thermoplastic Polymers Currently Used inMicrofluidics,” Biomed Microdevice. 16(1):107-14 (2014), which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety). In another variation, thewettability of a device is spatially controlled using a photoreactivecoating to generate the hydrophilic surface (Abate et al.,“Photoreactive Coating for High-Contrast Spatial Patterning ofMicrofluidic Device Wettability,” Lab Chip 8(12):2157-60 (2008), whichis hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

As described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0099642 toBarany et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety, the surfaces of the solid support may also contain a layer oflinker molecules that couple the oligonucleotides to the solid support,although it will be understood that the linker molecules are notrequired elements of the present invention. The linker molecules arepreferably of sufficient length to permit polymers in a completedsubstrate to interact freely with molecules exposed to the substrate.The linker molecules should be 6-50 atoms long to provide sufficientexposure. Suitable linker molecules can be selected based upon theirhydrophilic/hydrophobic properties. The linker molecules may be, forexample, aryl acetylene, ethylene glycol oligomers containing 2-10monomer units, diamines, diacids, amino acids, or combinations thereof.

The linker molecules can be attached to the substrate via carbon-carbonbonds using, for example, (poly)tri-fluorochloroethylene surfaces. Thelinker molecules may optionally be attached in an ordered array, i.e.,as parts of the head groups in a polymerized monolayer. In alternativeembodiments, the linker molecules are adsorbed to the surface of thesubstrate.

The device of the present invention can comprise various types ofoligonucleotides depending on the application. In one embodiment of thepresent invention, the oligonucleotides of the device are captureoligonucleotide probes as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,852,487 and7,455,965 to Barany et al., which are hereby incorporated by referencein their entirety. Accordingly, the present invention also encompasses amethod of capturing a plurality of target nucleotide sequence on a solidsupport.

Other suitable methods of solid-phase amplification that can be carriedout using the device of the present invention are described in U.S. Pat.No. 6,017,738 to Morris et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,741,463 to Gormley etal., U.S. Pat. No. 7,754,429 to Rigatti et al., and U.S. Pat. No.6,355,431 to Chee et al., and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2009/0226975to Sabot et al., U.S. Patent Publication No. 2001/0036632 to Yu et al.,2008/0108149 to Sundararajan et al., and U.S. Patent Publication No.2005/0053980 to Gunderson et al., which are hereby incorporated byreference in their entirety. The device of the present invention is alsosuitable for carrying out other multiplex nucleic acid reactionsincluding, without limitation, single-base or multi-base extensionreactions, primer extension assays, solid-phase sequencing, solid phaseoligonucleotide ligation assay, pair end reads, RNA sequencing, copynumber analysis, ChIP sequencing, and others as described in U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. 2010/0015626 to Oliphant et al., which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

As described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0099642 toBarany et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety, one aspect of the present invention relates to methods ofattaching oligonucleotides within micro-wells or micro-pores on a solidsupport. The first of these methods involves providing a solid supporthaving a base surface, a top surface, and a plurality of side surfacesextending between the base and top surfaces. The base surface, topsurface, and plurality of side surfaces collectively form a plurality ofmicro-wells or micro-pores on the solid support. A mask is applied tocover the base surface of the solid support and the masked device isexposed to an activating agent to activate the unmasked surfaces of thesolid support, while the masked surfaces of the solid support arenon-activated. The mask is removed from the solid support and theexposed solid support is contacted with a plurality of oligonucleotidesunder conditions effective for the oligonucleotides to attach to theactivated surfaces of the solid support, but not to the non-activatedsurfaces of the solid support, thereby attaching oligonucleotides withinmicro-wells or micro-pores on a solid support.

As described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0099642 toBarany et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety, in accordance with this aspect of the present invention, thesolid support preferably comprises a polymer material. Suitable polymersinclude, without limitation, poly(methyl methacrylate), polycarbonates,polysulfones, elastomers, and polymeric organosilicones. The solidsupport having a base surface, top surface and plurality of sidesurfaces extending between the base and top surfaces is formed from asolid support having a planar surface where the planar surface has beentreated to form base, top, and a plurality of side surfaces to generatemicro-wells or micro-pores on a solid support. In one embodiment, theplanar surface is subjected to hot embossing as described in U.S. Pat.No. 8,758,974 to Soper et al., which is hereby incorporated by referencein its entirety. This approach is preferred when the solid supportcomprises a polymeric material. In an alternative embodiment of thisaspect of the present invention, the planar surface is subjected tophotolithography to generate micro-wells or micro-pores on a solidsupport.

Methods of modifying surfaces of polymers for the attachment ofbiological molecules, including oligonucleotides is described in U.S.Pat. No. 8,758,974 to Soper et al., which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. To achieve selective activation andattachment of oligonucleotides within micro-wells or micro-pores on asolid support, the plurality of patterned positions on the solid supportare selectively masked and exposed to an activating agent, e.g., UVlight. In one embodiment of this aspect of the present invention, theactivating agent is actinic light. Preferably, exposure to actinic lightis carried out in an oxidizing atmosphere. In many applications,ordinary air is suitable, although it is also possible to use anatmosphere with a higher or lower concentration of oxygen (or otheroxidizing agent) to modify the patterning if desired. Other oxidizingagents known in the art may be used in lieu of, or in addition to,oxygen, for example SO2, NO2, or CNBr (see e.g., Kavc et al., “SurfaceModification of Polyethylene by Photochemical Introduction of SulfonicAcid Groups,” Chem. Mater. 12:1053-1059 (2000); Meyer et al, “SurfaceModification of Polystyrene by Photoinitiated Introduction of CyanoGroups,” Macromol. Rapid Commun. 20:515-520 (1999), which are herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety). Actinic light exposureactivates polymer surfaces, promoting photooxidation and generatingcarboxyl groups on the exposed surfaces. Suitable surfaces for actiniclight activation include, without limitation, acrylate polymers (e.g.,PMMA), aromatic polymers (e.g., polystyrene, phenoxy resins),polyamides, polysulfones, and copolymers.

Activation of the array surface using actinic light as the activatingagent can be achieved via exposure to broadband ultraviolet light,narrow band UV lamps (e.g., 254 nm), or UV lasers at frequenciesabsorbed by the polymers being used. Alternatively, activation of thearray surface can be achieved using an oxygen plasma as the activatingagent. Cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) is a preferred polymer due to itsextraordinarily low autofluorescence levels and its ability to generatea high density of functional groups following UV or oxygen plasmaexposure.

As described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,758,974 to Soper et al., which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety, oligonucleotides, preferably,amine-terminated oligonucleotides are attached to the activated areas ofthe surface using methods well known in the art, e.g., click chemistryusing ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)as a crosslinker and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) an intermediate ester.However, other attachment chemistries can be used as well, such asdisulfides, maleimides, or siloxanes. When forming an array containing aplurality of micro-wells or micro-pores, oligonucleotides are attachedto activated side surfaces of the wells and bottom surfaces, if present,but not the masked top surfaces.

As described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0099642 toBarany et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety, another method of forming arrays of oligonucleotides on asolid support involves providing a solid support having a planarsubstrate and a photosensitive layer over a surface of the substrate.The solid support is subjected to a photolithography process underconditions effective to form micro-wells or micro-pores on the solidsupport. The solid support is contacted with oligonucleotides underconditions effective for the oligonucleotides to attach to portions ofthe photosensitive layer which are either exposed or left unexposed bythe photolithography process but not portions of the photosensitivelayer which are left unexposed or exposed, respectively, therebyattaching oligonucleotides within micro-wells or micro-pores on thesolid support.

Various methods of generating functional groups on photosensitivesurfaces (i.e., SU-8 or one of its variants) to allow for the covalentattachment of oligonucleotides to the solid support are known in theart. Suitable functional groups include, without limitation, a carboxylgroup, a carbonyl group, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, an epoxygroup, and a silanol group.

As described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0099642 toBarany et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety, SU-8 is a preferred surface material that comprises epoxiderings suitable for covalent attachment of oligonucleotides withoutadditional activation or modification (See also Wang et al., “SurfaceGraft Polymerization of SU-8 for Bio-MEMS Applications,” J. Micromech.Microeng. 17:1371-1380 (2007), which is hereby incorporated byreferenced in its entirety). In one embodiment, amine-terminatedoligonucleotides can be added to the SU-8 surface using alkalinesolutions (pH˜12) that hydrolyze surface epoxide groups and formsecondary amines with the oligonucleotides carrying a primary amine.Alternatively, SU-8 micro-wells or micro-pores are treated with nitricacid to generate surface confined hydroxyl groups that are subsequentlyreacted with primary amine containing oligonucleotides (FIG. 24; Wang etal., “Surface Graft Polymerization of SU-8 for Bio-MEMS Applications,”J. Micromech. Microeng. 17:1371-1380 (2007), which is herebyincorporated by referenced in its entirety). In yet another embodiment,SU-8 polymer micro-wells or micro-pores are exposed to UV radiation (254nm) to generate surface hydroxyls and carboxylic acid groups. Theseapproaches do not require a contact optical mask because the solidsupport substrate comprises a material that does not change its surfacechemistry following exposure to the activating agent.

Alternative attachment chemistries compatible with epoxy-based resists,such as SU-8, are also suitable for use to attach oligonucleotides tothe internal surface of micro-wells or micro-pores. For example, in oneembodiment a cross-linking reagent is used to modify the functionalgroup present on the surface of the support. Suitable crosslinkingreagents include, without limitation, glycine, glutaraldehyde, andaminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), as described in U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. 2015/0099642 to Barany et al., which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In one embodiment for immobilizing dendrimers on a solid support,multiple primers are attached to the solid surface through a series ofbranched oligodeoxyribonucleotides, known as bDNA. (Horn et al., “AnImproved Divergent Synthesis of Comb-type BranchedOligodeoxyribonucleotides (bDNA) Containing Multiple SecondarySequences,” Nucleic Acids Res. 25(23):4835-41 (1997), which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety). In this approach, bDNAcontains one unique oligonucleotide, the primary sequence, covalentlyattached through a comb-like branch network to many identical copies ofa different oligonucleotide, the secondary sequence. Multiple copies ofa composite oligonucleotide, suitable for target amplification, arehybridized to, and then covalently cross-linked to the bDNA network.Suitable nucleotide analogues for interstrand cross-linking are providedbelow. Alternatively, strands may be linked using enzymatic processessuch as a DNA ligase. The 5′ end of the composite oligonucleotide isdesigned to be complementary to the secondary sequences and suitable forcrosslinking, while the 3′ end is suitable for use as a tag sequence foramplification of the desired target.

A versatile and creative embodiment for controlled assembly ofdendrimer-like DNA uses Y-shaped DNA molecules created by hybridization.(Li et al., “Controlled Assembly of Dendrimer-like DNA,” Nat Mater.3(1):38-42 (2004); Um et al., “Dendrimer-like DNA-based FluorescenceNanobarcodes,” Nat Protoc. 1(2):995-1000 (2006); Campolongo et al., “DNANanomedicine: Engineering DNA as a Polymer for Therapeutic andDiagnostic Applications,” Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 62(6):606-16 (2010), whichare hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). Such moleculescan be assembled by controlled hybridization, with ligation of smallerY-shaped molecules to each other to create multi-armed dendrimerstructures, and then made more permanent by crosslinking the DNA strandsto each other. Use of a portion of terminal DNA molecules with an aminogroup, biotin group or other moiety at a 5′ or 3′ end such that it issuitable for covalent or non-covalent immobilization of the dendrimercomplex to the solid support. Multiple copies of a compositeoligonucleotide, suitable for target amplification, are hybridized to,and then covalently cross-linked or ligated to the bDNA network. The 5′end of the composite oligonucleotide is designed to be complementary tothe secondary sequences and suitable for crosslinking or ligation, whilethe 3′ end is suitable for use as a tag sequence for amplification ofthe desired target.

In another embodiment, branched DNA is synthesized from tripropargylatedoligonucleotides by cycloaddition using “stepwise and double click”chemistry. (Xiong et al., “Construction and Assembly of BranchedY-shaped DNA: “click” Chemistry Performed on Dendronized8-aza-7-deazaguanine Oligonucleotides,” Bioconjug Chem. 23(4):856-70(2012), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).Dendronized oligonucleotides decorated with 7-tripropargylamine sidechains carrying two terminal triple bonds are further functionalizedwith bis-azides to give derivatives with two terminal azido groups.Subsequently, the branched side chains with two azido groups or twotriple bonds are combined with DNA-fragments providing the correspondingclickable function. Likewise, oligonucleotides comprising thecommercially available azide, alkyne, or DBCO moiety may be used. Theseapproaches yield branched (Y shaped) three-armed DNA. Annealing ofbranched DNA with a first set of complementary oligonucleotides yieldssupramolecular assemblies, which may be rendered heat stable by usingthe crosslinking approaches described herein. A second set ofcomplementary composite oligonucleotides a hybridized to, and thencovalently cross-linked or ligated to the supramolecular bDNA network.The 5′ end of the composite oligonucleotide is designed to becomplementary to the first set of complementary oligonucleotides andsuitable for crosslinking or ligation, while the 3′ end is suitable foruse as a tag sequence for amplification of the desired target.

In another embodiment, the dendrimer is assembled directly on the solidsupport (Benters et al., “DNA Microarrays with PAMAM Dendritic LinkerSystems,” Nucleic Acids Res. 30(2):E10 (2002), which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety). This approach usespre-fabricated polyamidoamine (PAMAM) starburst dendrimers as mediatormoieties between the solid support and the desired oligonucleotidessuitable for use as a tag sequence for amplification of the desiredtarget. Dendrimers containing 64 primary amino groups in their outersphere are covalently attached to silylated glass supports and,subsequently, the dendritic macromolecules are modified with glutaricanhydride and activated with N-hydroxysuccinimide. The activated surfacemay now be decorated with amino-modified DNA-oligomers, yielding ahighly stable surface with high loading density of the desiredoligonucleotide primer.

In another embodiment, the primer may be covalently attached to thesolid surface, another oligonucleotide, or to a dendrimeroligonucleotide using Dibenzocyclooctyl (DBCO) for copper-free clickchemistry (to an azide); 5-Octadiynyl dU for click chemistry (to anazide); Amino Modifier C6 dT (for peptide linkage); or Azide, for clickchemistry to an alkyne or DBCO. Oligonucleotides comprising modifiedbases suitable for crosslinking either to other oligonucleotides or to asolid support are commercially available, for example from IDT(Integrated DNA technologies, Coralville, Iowa 52241, USA).

In another embodiment, oligonucleotides are synthesized with a modifiedbase containing a furan moiety. Upon exposure to visible light in thepresence of methylene blue, this induces singlet oxygen formation, whichtriggers furan oxidation, and the resulting aldehyde then rapidly reactswith complementary A or C to form stable interstrand adducts. (Op deBeeck et al., “Sequence Specific DNA Cross-linking Triggered by VisibleLight,” J Am Chem Soc. 134(26):10737-40 (2012), which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety).

Another approach to stabilize dendrimer structures is to usephoto-crosslinking. (Rajendran et al., “Photo-cross-linking-assistedThermal Stability of DNA Origami Structures and its Application forHigher-temperature Self-assembly,” J Am Chem Soc. 133(37):14488-91(2011), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Inthis approach 8-methoxypsoralen is used to crosslink pyrimidine bases toeach other upon exposure to UV light.

In another embodiment, nucleotide analogs of abasic sites are used tofacilitate interstrand crosslinking (Ghosh et al., “Synthesis ofCross-linked DNA Containing Oxidized Abasic Site Analogues,” J Org Chem.79(13):5948-57 (2014), which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety).

In another embodiment, 4-vinyl substituted pyrimidine and 6-vinyl purinenucleotide analogs are used to form interstrand crosslinks (Nishimoto etal., “4-vinyl-substituted pyrimidine Nucleosides Exhibit the Efficientand Selective Formation of Interstrand Cross-links with RNA and DuplexDNA,” Nucleic Acids Res. 41(13):6774-81 (2013), which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety). These analogues include a2-amino-6-vinylpurine derivative, for cross-linking with cytosine aswell as 4-vinyl substituted pyrimidine derivatives, T-vinyl and U-vinyl.

As described in WO 2016/057832 to Barany et al., which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety, the oligonucleotide may becovalently attached to the solid surface using Dibenzocyclooctyl (DBCO)for copper-free click chemistry (to an azide); 5-Octadiynyl dU for clickchemistry (to an azide); Amino Modifier C6 dT (for peptide linkage); orAzide, for click chemistry to an alkene or DBCO. Alternatively, theoligonucleotide may comprise a capture moiety such as a biotin group ora His-Tag, which would be captured by immobilized streptavidin or NTAmatrix respectively present within the micro-wells or micro-pores on thesolid support.

Alternative means of forming surfaces with covalently attached identicalcopies of the limited (short) RCA amplicon includes Sequoiaamplification (WO2013/012440 to Barany et al., which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety) and wildfire amplification(Ma et al., “Isothermal Amplification Method for Next-GenerationSequencing,” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 10(35):14320-3 (2013), which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

As described in WO 2015/188192 to Barany et al., which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety, the solid support can be madefrom a wide variety of materials. The substrate may be biological,nonbiological, organic, inorganic, or a combination of any of these,existing as particles, strands, precipitates, gels, sheets, tubing,spheres, beads, containers, capillaries, pads, slices, films, plates,slides, discs, membranes, etc. The substrate may have any convenientshape, such as a disc, square, circle, etc. The substrate is preferablyflat but may take on a variety of alternative surface configurations.For example, the substrate may contain raised or depressed regions onwhich the hybridization takes place. The substrate and its surfacepreferably form a rigid support on which to carry out sequencingreactions described herein.

Commercially available next generation sequencing solid supportplatforms used for template preparation can be utilized in the systemand methods of the present invention. For example, the Illumina® FlowCell, Life Technologies® IonSphere™ and emulsion PCR beads, and 454emulsion PCR beads can be used in the system and methods of the presentinvention. Accordingly, the first solid support primer-specific portionof the circular chimeric single stranded nucleic acid constructs isdesigned to be the same as the primers immobilized on a commerciallyavailable NGS solid support. Therefore, the extension productscontaining the complement of the first solid support primer-specificportion are capable of hybridizing to primers on the NGS solid supportsurface.

FIG. 35 provides an embodiment of primer design for sequencing andidentifying pathogens in one target strand. Isolate genomic DNA, whilefor RNA viruses an initial reverse-transcriptase step generates cDNA.The target DNA may be pre-amplified using PCR in the Initial ReactionChamber (FIG. 35, step A). In one variation, the PCR amplified DNA orcDNA is distributed into 24, 36, or 48 Primary PCR Reaction Chambers.Nested, locus-specific primer pairs are provided to amplify targetsequences, each primer pair comprising of: (i) a first locus-specificprimer, said primer comprising of a first 5′ universal or tag sequenceportion, a locus-specific 3′ portion, a cleavable base such as aribo-nucleotide and a blocking group on the 3′ end; and (ii) a secondlocus-specific primer with two or more dU bases throughout the primersequence, said primer comprising of a second 5′ universal or tagsequence portion, a fragment identifier sequence, and a locus-specific3′ portion, a cleavable base such as a ribo-nucleotide and a blockinggroup on the 3′ end. The locus-specific primers are unblocked withRNaseH2 only when bound to target, liberating a 3′OH suitable forpolymerase-mediated extension (FIG. 35, step B). Two or three cycles ofPCR amplification are performed using a thermostable polymerase,preferably a strand-displacement polymerase. These amplification cyclesgenerate product containing the first 5′ universal or tag sequenceportion, the target sequence between the two locus-specific primerportions, the internal fragment identifier, and the second 5′ universalor tag sequence. The original primers and portion of primers in productsare destroyed using UDG (uracil DNA glycosylase) and optionally, APE1(human apurinic endonuclease; FIG. 35, step C). This renders a portionof one of the ends of each double-stranded amplification productsingle-stranded. Distribute products into micro-pores or beads intomicro-pores containing immobilized second tag sequence primers. In thepresence of both first and second tag primers, products are PCRamplified in micro-pores such that a given micro-pore generally containszero or one clonal amplification of a given region, but the micro-poremay contain multiple clonal amplicons from different regions. Afterdenaturation, and removal of unbound fragments, remaining tetheredsingle-stranded target DNA is suitable for primer-directed sequencing.(FIG. 35, step D).

For best sequencing signal, especially if amplifying multiple productsin a micro-pore or bead, it is desirable to amplify products such thatmost of the immobilized primers are extended, converting them totarget-comprising strands suitable for sequencing. FIGS. 36, 37, and 38provide three different embodiments, which may be used individually orin combinations, or with other approaches.

FIG. 36 illustrates an embodiment where the first tag primer is presentin larger amounts than both in solution and immobilized second tagprimers Immobilized primer is longer than in solution second tag primer.Optionally, at the end of the PCR or other amplification cycles,hybridization temperature is above Tm of shorter tag primer to favorsynthesis of single stranded products to hybridize to immobilized primerand drive extension of such primers to completion.

FIG. 37 illustrates another embodiment where the in solution first tagprimers comprise two different 5′ portions, and with added 5′ portionprimers, which are present in larger amounts than both second tagprimers Immobilized primer is longer than in solution second tag primer.Using strand-displacement polymerase lacking 5′-3′ nuclease activity,perform combined isothermal and thermo-cycling amplification.Re-annealing of products with different 5′ portions generates a Y shapedstructure at the end and enables strand displacement amplification. Thishelps drive extension of immobilized primers to completion.

FIG. 38 illustrates another embodiment where the in solution first tagprimer comprises dA35, and with added dA35 with GC rich toehold primer,are present in larger amounts than both second tag primers Immobilizedprimer is longer than in solution second tag primer. Usingstrand-displacement polymerase lacking 5′-3′ nuclease activity, performisothermal and/or thermo-cycling amplification. Primer toehold isreleased with RNaseH2 only when bound to target. Excess single-strandedproduct hybridizes to immobilized primer and helps drive extension ofimmobilized primers to completion.

Sequencing of the immobilized extension products can be achieved usingsequence-by-synthesis as described and depicted herein.Sequence-by-synthesis includes fluorescence-basedsequencing-by-synthesis and ion-based sequencing-by-synthesis. Othersuitable sequencing methods can also be employed, including, for exampleand without limitation, fluorescent primer hybridization, molecularbeacon hybridization, primer extension, exonuclease-based sequencing,ligase detection reaction, ligase chain reaction, pyrosequencing,fluorescence-based sequencing-by-ligation, nanopore and nanotube basedsequencing, and ion-based sequencing-by-ligation.

As described more fully in WO 2016/154337 to Barany et al., which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, suitable capturemolecules and methods for immobilizing target nucleic acid molecules onthe solid support are described supra. Similarly, methods of generatingimmobilized extension products that are complementary to the targetnucleic acid molecule using solid phase amplification are also describedsupra.

In accordance with this aspect of the present invention, the immobilizedtarget nucleic acid molecule or immobilized extension product thereof issubject to a nucleotide extension reaction process. The nucleotideextension reaction mixture comprises a collection of nucleotidetriphosphates where each type of nucleotide triphosphate in thecollection has (i) a different cleavable fluorescently labeled group,and (ii) a cleavable blocking moiety that inhibits addition of asubsequent nucleotide triphosphate.

The blocking moiety of the nucleotide triphosphate may directly blockthe addition of a subsequent nucleotide triphosphate at its 3′OH group.In this embodiment, the blocking moiety is appended to the nucleosidetriphosphate at the 2′-O of a ribose, or the 3′-O of a deoxyribose.These nucleotide triphosphates are the same as or analogous tofluorescent sequencing-by-synthesis (Ju et al., “Four-color DNASequencing by Synthesis Using Cleavable Fluorescent NucleotideReversible Terminators,” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(52):19635-40 (2006),which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). In the caseof 3′-O blocking groups, there are several well-demonstrated examples inthe literature such as but not limited to amino, azidomethyl, andcyanoethyl groups. The specific nature of the group should be chosen fora combination of efficiency of enzymatic incorporation and ease ofremoval during the deblocking step. Removal of the blocking group isspecific to the chemical nature of the blocking group but examples wouldbe the use of mild aqueous reagents (i.e., reducing agents) attemperatures that preserve the primer-template duplex and do not causeloss of signal due to melting of the primer-template duplex.

Alternatively, the blocking moiety of the nucleotide triphosphatereversibly inhibits the addition of a subsequent nucleotide triphosphateat its 3′OH group. These blocking moieties can be appended to anucleotide triphosphate at the C5 or C7 position of the nucleoside,i.e., the pyrimidine or purine, respectively. These nucleotidetriphosphates are the same as or similar to Lightning Terminators™(LaserGen, Inc.) (Gardner et al., “Rapid Incorporation Kinetics andImproved Fidelity of a Novel Class of 3′OH Unblocked ReversibleTerminators,” Nucleic Acids Research 40(15):7404-15 (May 2012) andLitosh et al., “Improved Nucleotide Selectivity and Termination of 3′-OHUnblocked Reversible Terminators by Molecular Tuning of 2 nitrobenzylAlkylated HOMedU Triphosphates,” Nucleic Acids Research 39(6):e39(2011), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety)and Virtual Terminator™ (Helicos BioSciences) (Bowers et al., “VirtualTerminator Nucleotides for Next-Generation DNA Sequencing,” Nat. Methods6:593-595 (2003), U.S. Pat. No. 8,071,755 to Efcavitch et al, U.S. Pat.No. 8,114,973 to Siddiqi et al, WO 2008/0169077 to Siddiqi et al, whichare hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). Chemicalmoieties which interfere with incorporation of dNTPs by a templatedependent DNA polymerase that utilize steric bulk or charged inhibitionor combinations of both can be used. Examples of inhibitory moieties aredipeptides of Glu-Glu or Asp-Asp.

In all these embodiments, a gene-specific primer may be used to initiatesequencing-by-synthesis to determine the unique sequence of the target.In one embodiment, the upstream locus-specific primers used in theinitial nested amplification may double as sequencing primers. Sincethese primers are unblocked with RNaseH2 only when bound to the target,essentially eliminating potential false-reads from primer bindingincorrectly.

Alternatively, the locus-specific primers are designed to comprise ofvariable regions. Individual targets will contain distinct variableregions and are then sequenced by using individual primers. In oneembodiment, a first set of 8-16 sequencing primers comprises a common 5′sequence (16 bases), and variable 3′ sequences (8 bases). Or, a secondset of 64-256 sequencing primers comprises a common 5′ sequence (8bases), a variable middle sequence (8 bases, 8-16 variants) andhyper-variable 3′ sequences (8 bases, 64-256 variants). One approach isto use split & pool synthesis strategies. By way of example, synthesisof a family of 16 variant primers would comprise synthesis of thelocus-specific 3′ region, splitting into 4 aliquots, each getting anadditional four bases, pooling, and splitting again into 4 aliquots,each getting an additional four bases, and then pooling and finishingsynthesis with 16 bases of common sequence on the 5′ end. Consider theinitial 4 bases on the 3′ side being GTCA, ACTG, TGAC, and CAGT, thenext four bases being GCTA, ATCG, TAGC, and CGAT, followed by 16 baseson the 5′ side. Then a set of 16 sequencing primers could be used tosequence each amplicon uniquely, while minimizing mis-priming from oneprimer binding to a mismatched complement.

(SEQ ID No: 1) 01. (16 base common sequence)-GTCA-GCTA (SEQ ID No: 2)02. (16 base common sequence)-GTCA-ATCG (SEQ ID No: 3)03. (16 base common sequence)-GTCA-TAGC (SEQ ID No: 4)04. (16 base common sequence)-GTCA-CGAT (SEQ ID No: 5)05. (16 base common sequence)-ACTG-GCTA (SEQ ID No: 6)06. (16 base common sequence)-ACTG-ATCG (SEQ ID No: 7)07. (16 base common sequence)-ACTG-TAGC (SEQ ID No: 8)08. (16 base common sequence)-ACTG-CGAT (SEQ ID No: 9)09. (16 base common sequence)-TGAC-GCTA (SEQ ID No: 10)10. (16 base common sequence)-TGAC-ATCG (SEQ ID No: 11)11. (16 base common sequence)-TGAC-TAGC (SEQ ID No: 12)12. (16 base common sequence)-TGAC-CGAT (SEQ ID No: 13)13. (16 base common sequence)-CAGT-GCTA (SEQ ID No: 14)14. (16 base common sequence)-CAGT-ATCG (SEQ ID No: 15)15. (16 base common sequence)-CAGT-TAGC (SEQ ID No: 16)16. (16 base common sequence)-CAGT-CGAT

FIG. 39 is a schematic front view of a portion of an exemplary designfor pre-chamber loading to allow for liquids to be fluidically moved tothe chambers comprising of micro-wells or micro-pores. This designillustrates the chamber architecture and micro-wells or micro-poressuitable for performing Multiplexed PCR-Nested PCR-sequencing, forunknown pathogen identification. In FIG. 39, the input sample isfluidically connected to a large hexagonal chamber 116 (bottom, InitialReaction Chamber), which is fluidically connected by conduits 120 to aset of hexagonal chambers 122 (containing large troughs 124 and baffles123, Primary PCR Reaction Chambers), which are fluidically connected byconduit 126 to long narrower mixing chambers 128, which are fluidicallyconnected by conduits 130 to the chambers of subdivisions 132 comprisingmicro-pores (top of panel, with only 4 rows illustrated). The diagram isnot to scale and is for illustrative purposes. During manufacture of thecartridge, rows are pre-filled with one or more universal tag primersets, where one primer is immobilized to the solid support and the otherprimer is bound, but that primer is released at higher temperature.During manufacture of the cartridge, chambers leading up to the columnsof micro-wells or micro-pores are pre-filled with nested PCR primer setswith universal tag sequences on their 5′ ends. The grey circles 125 onthe left side of the drawing illustrate potential position fordelivering or printing primer sets, for example by acoustic dropletejection, capillary, inkjet, or quill printing. The primers are drieddown, and the cover part of the cartridge assembled to seal the primersets in their appropriate positions. During use of the cartridge,reactions are fluidically moved from the initial chambers of thecartridge up the cartridge, and eventually up the columns of micro-wellsor micro-pores, where each column is isolated from its neighbor column.In this illustrative example, showing 4 each of planned 48 columns and64 rows equaling 3,072 subdivisions, each subdivision comprising 2,760micro-pores, for a total of 8,478,720 micro-pores in the array, theinitial multiplexed PCR amplification (or reverse-transcription-PCR forRNA targets) is for 10 cycles to generate up to 1,024 copies of eachoriginal target in the Initial Reaction Chamber. If needed, fresh PCRreagents are added, and the initial multiplexed reaction is distributedinto the Primary PCR Reaction Chambers (pre-filled with nested PCRprimers as described above), with average distribution of 20 copies ofeach original pathogen target in each Primary PCR Reaction Chamber.Optionally, primers containing an RNA base and 3′ blocking group areunblocked with RNaseH2 only when bound to the correct target, providingadditional specificity and avoiding false products. Perform 5 cycles ofnested PCR using target-specific primers with universal tags in groupsof 32, or 64 primer sets, to generate an average of 640 copies of eachpathogen-specific target per Primary PCR Reaction Chamber. Removeuniversal primer sequence from product with UDG/APE1 to generatesingle-stranded tails on one side of the PCR products, which facilitateshybridization to immobilized primer in micro-pore. If needed, fresh PCRreagents are added, mixed with the nested PCR products of each PrimaryPCR Reaction Chamber, and distributed into the Mixing Chambers and theninto the micro-pores of each column. PCR amplify one or more products ineach micro-pore and melt off non-anchored strand. Universal primers ineach subdivision of each row will amplify only those products from eachcolumn with the correct tags. Add either target-specific, or universaltag-specific sequencing primers. Perform sequencing-by-synthesis.Poisson distribution in micro-pores will enumerate target sequences,while direct sequence information will identify variant pathogens.

The cartridge design of FIG. 39 may also be used in a differentembodiment to perform Multiplexed PCR-Nested PCR-sequencing, for unknownpathogen identification. In this embodiment, all micro-pores arepre-filled with a single universal primer, which is immobilized, andmicro-pores are dried. Since all subdivisions contain the identicalprimer, they may be added through the columns, or by other means. Inthis illustrative example, showing 4 each of the planned 48 columns and64 rows equaling 3,072 subdivisions, each subdivision comprising 2,760micro-pores, for a total of 8,478,720 micro-pores in the array, theinitial multiplexed PCR amplification (or reverse-transcription-PCR forRNA targets) is for 10 cycles to generate up to 1,024 copies of eachoriginal target in the Initial Reaction Chamber. If needed, fresh PCRreagents are added, and the initial multiplexed reaction is divided intothe Primary PCR Reaction Chambers (pre-filled with nested PCR primers asdescribed above), with average distribution of 20 copies of eachoriginal pathogen target in each Primary PCR Reaction Chamber.Optionally, primers containing an RNA base and 3′ blocking group areunblocked with RNaseH2 only when bound to the correct target, providingadditional specificity and avoiding false products. Perform 5 cycles ofnested PCR using target-specific primers with 8-12 unique tag sequenceon one primer of the set, and universal sequences on their 5′ ends, togenerate an average of 640 copies of each pathogen-specific target perPrimary PCR Reaction Chamber. Remove universal primer sequence fromproduct with UDG/APE1 to generate single-stranded tails on one side ofthe PCR products, which facilitates hybridization to immobilized primerin micro-pore. If needed, fresh PCR reagents are added, mixed with thenested PCR products of each Primary PCR Reaction Chambers, anddistributed into the Mixing Chambers and then into the micro-pores ofeach column. PCR amplify one or more products in each micro-pore andmelt off non-anchored strand. Universal primers in each subdivision ofeach row will amplify only those products from each column with thecorrect tags. Add either target-specific, or universal primers withunique tag-specific portions as sequencing primers. Performsequencing-by-synthesis. Poisson distribution in micro-pores willenumerate target sequences, while direct sequence information willidentify variant pathogens.

In an alternative embodiment using 48 double-columns and 48 double-rowsequaling 2,304 subdivisions, each subdivision comprising 11,040micro-pores, with 529,920 micro-pores per double-column. Initialmultiplexed amplification of the sample for 10 cycles of PCR, provides amaximum of 1,024 copies of each original pathogen in a well or InitialReaction Chamber. Distribute initial multiplexed products into 48 wellsor Primary PCR Reaction Chambers, mixed with locus-specific primers,buffer, and polymerase into the Primary PCR Reaction Chambers, forexample by using acoustic droplet ejection as illustrated in FIG. 50.Average distribution in each well or Primary PCR Reaction Chamber is 20copies of each original pathogen. Perform 2-3 cycles of nested PCR ingroups of 32, maximum of 80 to 160 copies of each original pathogentarget. Optional, remove universal primer sequence from product withUDG/APE1 to improve hybridization of product to immobilized primer inmicro-pores. Distribute products of each well or Primary PCR ReactionChamber into 529,920 micro-pores. PCR amplify multiple products in eachmicro-pore and melt off non-anchored strand. Performsequencing-by-synthesis. Poisson distribution in micro-pores willenumerate target sequences, while direct sequence information willidentify variant pathogens.

FIG. 40 provides one embodiment of primer design for sequencing andidentifying mutations in one target strand. In this and the followingembodiments, the original genomic segments comprise segments of cfDNA(˜160 bp) or segments of sheared genomic DNA (˜160 bp) containing, e.g.,tumor specific mutations (FIG. 40, step A). Distribute the sample into48 Primary PCR Reaction Chambers. The spatial distribution will assurethat for low abundance mutations, each mutant fragment is in a differentPrimary PCR Reaction Chamber. Thus, when a mutation is present in two ormore Primary PCR Reaction Chambers, it is most likely a true mutationand not a polymerase error. Nested, locus-specific primer pairs areprovided to amplify target sequences, each primer pair comprising of:(i) a first locus-specific primer, said primer comprising of a first 5′universal or tag sequence portion, a locus-specific 3′ portion, acleavable base such as a ribo-nucleotide and a blocking group on the 3′end; and (ii) a second locus-specific primer with two or more dU basesthroughout the primer sequence, said primer comprising of a second 5′universal or tag sequence portion, a fragment identifier sequence, and alocus-specific 3′ portion, a cleavable base such as a ribo-nucleotideand a blocking group on the 3′ end. The locus-specific primers areunblocked with RNaseH2 only when bound to target, liberating a 3′OHsuitable for polymerase-mediated extension (FIG. 40, step B). Two orthree cycles of PCR amplification are performed using a thermostablepolymerase, preferably a strand-displacement polymerase. Theseamplification cycles generate product containing the first 5′ universalor tag sequence portion, the target sequence between the twolocus-specific primer portions, the internal fragment identifier, andthe complement of the second 5′ universal or tag sequence. The originalprimers and portion of primers in products are destroyed using UDG(uracil DNA glycosylase) and optionally, APE1 (human apurinicendonuclease; FIG. 40, step C). This renders a portion of one of theends of each double-stranded amplification product single-stranded. Inone variation, distribute products into micro-pores or beads intomicro-pores containing immobilized second tag sequence primers. In thepresence of both first and second tag primers, products are PCRamplified in micro-pores such that a given micro-pore generally containszero or one clonal amplification of a given region, but that micro-poremay contain multiple clonal amplicons from different regions. Afterdenaturation, and removal of unbound fragments, remaining tetheredsingle-stranded target DNA is suitable for primer-directed sequencing.(FIG. 40, step D). In another variation, anneal biotinylated primercontaining second tag sequence to the single-stranded region. Stranddisplacement polymerase extends to form full-length double-stranded copyof fragment. Both extended and free biotinylated primers are captured onstreptavidin coated beads to be distributed in micro-pores, or directlyon streptavidin coated micro-pores. In the presence of both first andsecond tag primers, products are PCR amplified in micro-pores such thata given micro-pore generally contains zero or one clonal amplificationof a given region, but that micro-pore may contain multiple clonalamplicons from different regions. After denaturation, and removal ofunbound fragments, remaining tethered single-stranded target DNA issuitable for primer-directed sequencing (Not shown, but like FIG. 41,below).

FIGS. 41 and 42 provide embodiments of primer design for sequencing andidentifying mutations in one target strand across overlapping fragments.Distribute the sample into 48 Primary PCR Reaction Chambers. The spatialdistribution will assure that for low abundance mutations, each mutantfragment is in a different Primary PCR Reaction Chamber. Nested,locus-specific primer pairs, across overlapping regions (i.e. one ormore exons for a cancer-specific gene) are provided to amplifyoverlapping target sequences, each primer pair comprising of: (i) afirst locus-specific primer, said primer comprising of a first 5′universal or tag sequence portion, a locus-specific 3′ portion, acleavable base such as a ribo-nucleotide and a blocking group on the 3′end; and (ii) a second locus-specific primer with two or more dU basesthroughout the primer sequence, said primer comprising of a second 5′universal or tag sequence portion, which differs slightly from the firstuniversal or tag sequence, a fragment identifier sequence, and alocus-specific 3′ portion, a cleavable base such as a ribo-nucleotideand a blocking group on the 3′ end. The locus-specific primers areunblocked with RNaseH2 only when bound to target, liberating a 3′OHsuitable for polymerase-mediated extension (FIG. 41, step B). Two orthree cycles of PCR amplification are performed using a thermostablepolymerase, preferably a strand-displacement polymerase. Theseamplification cycles generate overlapping products, both shorter(slightly longer than primer dimer), and longer products (comprising 100or more bases of target sequences), containing the first 5′ universal ortag sequence portion, the target sequence between the two locus-specificprimer portions, the internal fragment identifier, and the complement ofthe second 5′ universal or tag sequence. The original primers andportion of primers in products are destroyed using UDG (uracil DNAglycosylase) and optionally, APE1 (human apurinic endonuclease; FIG. 41,step C). This renders a portion of one of the ends of eachdouble-stranded amplification product single-stranded. In one variation,anneal biotinylated primer containing second tag sequence to thesingle-stranded region. Strand displacement polymerase extends to formfull-length double-stranded copy of fragment (FIG. 41, step D). Bothextended and free biotinylated primers are captured on streptavidincoated beads to be distributed in micro-pores, or directly onstreptavidin coated micro-pores. In the presence of both first andsecond tag primers, longer products are PCR amplified in micro-poressuch that a given micro-pore generally contains zero or one clonalamplification of a given region, but that micro-pore may containmultiple clonal amplicons from different regions. Shorter products formpanhandles and do not amplify. After denaturation, and removal ofunbound fragments, remaining tethered single-stranded target DNA issuitable for primer-directed sequencing (FIG. 41, step E). FIG. 43, stepA illustrates in close-up how the longer products, but not the shorterproducts amplify. In another variation, distribute products intomicro-pores or beads into micro-pores containing immobilized second tagsequence primers. In the presence of both first and second tag primers,longer products are PCR amplified in micro-pores such that a givenmicro-pore generally contains zero or one clonal amplification of agiven region, but that micro-pore may contain multiple clonal ampliconsfrom different regions. Shorter products form panhandles and do notamplify. After denaturation, and removal of unbound fragments, remainingtethered single-stranded target DNA is suitable for primer-directedsequencing. (FIG. 42, step D). FIG. 43, step B illustrates in close-uphow the longer products, but not the shorter products amplify, when oneprimer is immobilized.

FIGS. 44 and 45 provide one embodiment of primer design for sequencingand identifying mutations in one target strand across overlappingfragments. Distribute the sample into 48 Primary PCR Reaction Chambers.The spatial distribution will assure that for low abundance mutations,each mutant fragment is in a different Primary PCR Reaction Chamber.Nested, locus-specific primer pairs, across overlapping regions (i.e.one or more exons for a cancer-specific gene) are provided to amplifyoverlapping target sequences, each primer pair comprising of: (i) afirst locus-specific primer, said primer comprising of a first 5′universal or tag sequence portion, a locus-specific 3′ portion, acleavable base such as a ribo-nucleotide and a blocking group on the 3′end; and (ii) a second locus-specific primer with two or more dU basesthroughout the primer sequence, said primer comprising of a second 5′universal or tag sequence portion, a fragment identifier sequence, and alocus-specific 3′ portion, a cleavable base such as a ribo-nucleotideand a blocking group on the 3′ end. The primer pairs are designed suchthat overlapping sets are in opposite orientation, i.e. the shorterproduct (about the size of a primers dimer) would arise from primerswith the same tag sequence, while the longer product would arise fromprimers with the two different tag sequences. The locus-specific primersare unblocked with RNaseH2 only when bound to target, liberating a 3′OHsuitable for polymerase-mediated extension (FIGS. 44, 45, step B). Twoor three cycles of PCR amplification are performed using a thermostablepolymerase, preferably a strand-displacement polymerase. Theseamplification cycles generate overlapping products, both shorter(slightly longer than primer dimer, with identical tags), and longerproducts comprising 100 or more bases of target sequences, containingthe first 5′ universal or tag sequence portion, the target sequencebetween the two locus-specific primer portions, the internal fragmentidentifier, and the complement of the second 5′ universal or tagsequence. The original primers and portion of primers in products aredestroyed using UDG (uracil DNA glycosylase) and optionally, APE1 (humanapurinic endonuclease; FIGS. 44, 45, step C). This renders a portion ofone of the ends of each double-stranded amplification productsingle-stranded. In one variation, distribute products into micro-poresor beads into micro-pores containing immobilized second tag sequenceprimers. In the presence of both first and second tag primers, longerproducts are PCR amplified in micro-pores such that a given micro-poregenerally contains zero or one clonal amplification of a given region,but that micro-pore may contain multiple clonal amplicons from differentregions. Shorter products are either missing second tag sequences (FIG.44, step D), or form panhandles, that do not amplify, and further arenot attached to the solid support (FIG. 45, step D). After denaturation,and removal of unbound fragments, remaining tethered single-strandedtarget DNA is suitable for primer-directed sequencing. (FIGS. 44 & 45,step D). In another variation, anneal biotinylated primer containingsecond tag sequence to the single-stranded region. Strand displacementpolymerase extends to form full-length double-stranded copy of fragment.Both extended and free biotinylated primers are captured on streptavidincoated beads to be distributed in micro-pores, or directly onstreptavidin coated micro-pores. In the presence of both first andsecond tag primers, longer products are PCR amplified in micro-poressuch that a given micro-pore generally contains zero or one clonalamplification of a given region, but that micro-pore may containmultiple clonal amplicons from different regions. Shorter products areeither missing second tag sequences, or form panhandles, that do notamplify, and further are not attached to the solid support. Afterdenaturation, and removal of unbound fragments, remaining tetheredsingle-stranded target DNA is suitable for primer-directed sequencing(Not shown, but like FIG. 41).

FIG. 46 provides one embodiment of primer design for sequencing andidentifying mutations in both target strands across overlappingfragments. Distribute the sample into 48 Primary PCR Reaction Chambers.The spatial distribution will assure that for low abundance mutations,each mutant fragment is in a different Primary PCR Reaction Chamber.Nested, locus-specific primer pairs, across overlapping regions (i.e.one or more exons for a cancer-specific gene) are provided to amplifyoverlapping target sequences, each primer pair comprising of: (i) afirst locus-specific primer with two or more dU bases throughout theprimer sequence, said primer comprising of a first 5′ universal or tagsequence portion, a fragment identifier sequence, a locus-specific 3′portion, a cleavable base such as a ribo-nucleotide and a blocking groupon the 3′ end; and (ii) a second locus-specific primer with two or moredU bases throughout the primer sequence, said primer comprising of thesame or slightly different first 5′ universal or tag sequence portion, afragment identifier sequence, and a locus-specific 3′ portion, acleavable base such as a ribo-nucleotide and a blocking group on the 3′end. The locus-specific primers are unblocked with RNaseH2 only whenbound to target, liberating a 3′OH suitable for polymerase-mediatedextension (FIG. 46, step B). Two or three cycles of PCR amplificationare performed using a thermostable polymerase, preferably Taq DNApolymerase. These amplification cycles generate overlapping products,both shorter product (but mostly destroyed by the 5′->3′ exonucleaseactivity of Taq polymerase, as extension from upstream primers will runinto shorter extension products), and longer products (comprising 100 ormore bases of target sequences), containing the first 5′ universal ortag sequence portion, an internal fragment identifier, the targetsequence between the two locus-specific primer portions, anotherinternal fragment identifier, and the complement of the identical orslightly different first 5′ universal or tag sequence. The originalprimers and portion of primers in products are destroyed using UDG(uracil DNA glycosylase) and optionally, APE1 (human apurinicendonuclease; FIG. 46, step C). This renders a portion of both ends ofeach double-stranded amplification product single-stranded. In onevariation, distribute products into micro-pores or beads intomicro-pores containing immobilized second tag sequence primers. In thepresence of both first and second tag primers, longer products are PCRamplified in micro-pores such that a given micro-pore generally containszero or one clonal amplification of a given region, but may containmultiple clonal amplicons from different regions. After denaturation,and removal of unbound fragments, remaining tethered single-strandedtarget DNA is suitable for primer-directed sequencing. (FIG. 46, stepE). In another variation, anneal biotinylated primer containing firsttag sequence to the single-stranded region. Strand displacementpolymerase extends to form full-length double-stranded copy of bothstrands of each fragment. Add a third set of nested, locus-specificprimers comprising a first 5′ universal or tag sequence portion, alocus-specific 3′ portion, a cleavable base such as a ribo-nucleotideand a blocking group on the 3′ end. The third set of locus-specificprimers are unblocked with RNaseH2 only when bound to target, liberatinga 3′OH suitable for polymerase-mediated extension, preferable for 1-2PCR cycles using a strand-displacement polymerase. Both extended andfree biotinylated primers are captured on streptavidin coated beads tobe distributed in micro-pores, or directly on streptavidin coatedmicro-pores. In the presence of both first and second tag primers,longer products are PCR amplified in micro-pores such that a givenmicro-pore generally contains zero or one clonal amplification of agiven region, but that micro-pore may contain multiple clonal ampliconsfrom different regions. After denaturation, and removal of unboundfragments, remaining tethered single-stranded target DNA is suitable forprimer-directed sequencing.

FIG. 47 provides one embodiment of primer design for sequencing andidentifying SNPs and enumerating copy number of both locus strands.Distribute the sample into 48 Primary PCR Reaction Chambers. The spatialdistribution will assure that for low abundance mutations, each mutantfragment is in a different Primary PCR Reaction Chamber. Locus-specificprimer pairs, are provided to amplify target sequences containing SNPs,each primer pair comprising of: (i) a first locus-specific primer withtwo or more dU bases throughout the primer sequence, said primercomprising of a first 5′ universal or tag sequence portion, a fragmentidentifier sequence, a locus-specific 3′ portion, a cleavable base suchas a ribo-nucleotide and a blocking group on the 3′ end; and (ii) asecond locus-specific primer with two or more dU bases throughout theprimer sequence, said primer comprising of the same or slightlydifferent first 5′ universal or tag sequence portion, a fragmentidentifier sequence, and a locus-specific 3′ portion, a cleavable basesuch as a ribo-nucleotide and a blocking group on the 3′ end. Thelocus-specific primers are unblocked with RNaseH2 only when bound totarget, liberating a 3′OH suitable for polymerase-mediated extension(FIG. 47, step B). Three cycles of PCR amplification are performed usinga thermostable polymerase, preferably a strand-displacement polymerase.These amplification cycles generate products containing the first 5′universal or tag sequence portion, an internal fragment identifier, thetarget sequence between the two locus-specific primer portions, anotherinternal fragment identifier, and the complement of the identical orslightly different first 5′ universal or tag sequence. The originalprimers and portion of primers in products are destroyed using UDG(uracil DNA glycosylase) and optionally, APE1 (human apurinicendonuclease; FIG. 47, step C). This renders a portion of both ends ofeach double-stranded amplification product single-stranded. In onevariation, distribute products into micro-pores or beads intomicro-pores containing immobilized second tag sequence primers. In thepresence of both first and second tag primers, products are PCRamplified in micro-pores such that a given micro-pore generally containszero or one clonal amplification of a given region, but that micro-poremay contain multiple clonal amplicons from different regions. Afterdenaturation, and removal of unbound fragments, remaining tetheredsingle-stranded target DNA is suitable for primer-directed sequencing.(FIG. 47, step E). In another variation, anneal biotinylated primercontaining first tag sequence to the single-stranded region. Stranddisplacement polymerase extends to form full-length double-stranded copyof both strands of each fragment. Add a third set of nested,locus-specific primers comprising a first 5′ universal or tag sequenceportion, a locus-specific 3′ portion, a cleavable base such as aribo-nucleotide and a blocking group on the 3′ end. The third set oflocus-specific primers are unblocked with RNaseH2 only when bound totarget, liberating a 3′OH suitable for polymerase-mediated extension,preferable for 1-2 PCR cycles using a strand-displacement polymerase.Both extended and free biotinylated primers are captured on streptavidincoated beads to be distributed in micro-pores, or directly onstreptavidin coated micro-pores. In the presence of both first andsecond tag primers, products are PCR amplified in micro-pores such thata given micro-pore generally contains zero or one clonal amplificationof a given region, but that micro-pore may contain multiple clonalamplicons from different regions. After denaturation, and removal ofunbound fragments, remaining tethered single-stranded target DNA issuitable for primer-directed sequencing (Not shown, but like FIG. 41).

FIG. 48 is a schematic front view of a portion of an exemplary designfor pre-chamber loading to allow for liquids to be fluidically moved tothe chambers comprising of micro-wells or micro-pores. This designillustrates the chamber architecture and micro-wells or micro-poressuitable for identifying unknown mutations at low-abundance in plasma;using Fragment identifier PCR-sequencing. In FIG. 48, the input sampleis fluidically connected by conduits 120 to a set of hexagonal chambers122 (containing large troughs 124 and baffles 123, the Primary PCRReaction Chambers), which are fluidically connected by conduits 126 tolong narrower mixing chambers 128, which are fluidically connected byconduits 130 to the chambers comprising subdivisions 232 of micro-pores(top of panel, with only 4 rows illustrated). The diagram is not toscale and is for illustrative purposes. During manufacture of thecartridge, micro-pores are pre-filled with a single universal primer,which is immobilized, and micro-pores are dried. Since all subdivisionscontain the identical primer, they may be added through the columns, orby other means. During use of the cartridge, reactions are fluidicallymoved up the cartridge, and eventually up the columns of micro-wells ormicro-pores, where each column is isolated from its neighbor column. Inthis illustrative example, showing 4 each of the planned 48 columns and64 rows equaling 3,072 subdivisions, each subdivision comprising 2,760micro-pores, for a total of 8,478,720 micro-pores in the array, theinitial plasma DNA (highest level of 10,000 genome equivalents) iscombined with buffer, enzymes, fragment identifier primers, equallysplit, and fluidically moved into the set of diamond chambers isdistributed into the Primary PCR Reaction Chambers, with averagedistribution of 200 copies of each target per Primary PCR ReactionChamber, with at most 1 mutation. Optionally, primers containing an RNAbase and 3′ blocking group are unblocked with RNaseH2 only when bound tothe correct target, providing additional specificity and avoiding falseproducts. Perform 3 cycles of fragment identifier PCR for both strands,each strand covering slightly different sequences. Yields 4 copies oftop strand, and 4 copies of bottom strand. Remove universal primersequence from product with UDG/APE1 to generate single-stranded tails onone or both sides of the PCR products, which facilitates hybridizationto immobilized primer in micro-pore. If needed, fresh PCR reagents areadded, mixed with the PCR products of each Primary PCR Reaction Chamber,and distributed into the Mixing Chambers and then into the micro-poresof each column. PCR amplify one or more products in each micro-poreusing nested target-specific primer and universal primer and melt offnon-anchored strand. Add either target-specific, or universal primerswith unique tag-specific portions as sequencing primers. Performsequencing-by-synthesis. Generate about 80 bases of sequenceinformation, plus 10 bases of unique fragment identifier barcode, foraccurate enumeration of each mutation, with verification on bothstrands. In one embodiment, 72 sequencing primers are used to cover 36target regions, for both Watson and Crick strand, including overlappingregions when needed. If needed, an additional 72 sequencing primers maybe used. In another embodiment, the cartridge is designed with room for4 rounds of sequencing=288 primers—covers 144 target regions, bothstrands, with accurate enumeration of each mutation. In anotherembodiment, the original nested primers may also be used as sequencingprimers. Also, the nested primers may be designed to contain differentsets of universal sequences comprising the master universal sequence andthen 8-12 bases on the 3′ end to uniquely sequence different fragments,such that on average, 72 products are sequenced per individualsequencing primer. Optionally, repeat with next sequencing primer tosequence next 72 fragments.

In an alternative embodiment, low-abundance mutations are identified andenumerated using 48 double-columns and 48 double-rows equaling 2,304subdivisions, each subdivision comprising 11,040 micro-pores, with529,920 micro-pores per double-column. Distribute initial sample into 48wells or Primary PCR Reaction Chambers, mixed with locus-specificprimers, buffer, and polymerase into 48 Primary PCR Reaction Chamber,for example by using acoustic droplet ejection as illustrated in FIG.50. Highest level of DNA in plasma=10,000 genome equivalents. Onaverage, 200 copies of each target per subdivision, with at most 1mutation. Perform 3 cycles of fragment identifier PCR for both strands,each strand covering slightly different sequences. Yields 4 copies oftop strand, and 4 copies of bottom strand. Treat with UDG/APE1, anddistribute products into sections (columns) with 529,920 micro-pores.Assuming 75% capture, a given target will have about 1200 copies persection (column), and if a mutation is present, there should be about 3copies of the “Watson strand” and about 3 copies of the “Crick strand”.PCR amplify multiple products in each micro-pore using nestedtarget-specific primers and universal primers, and subsequently melt offnon-anchored strand. In one embodiment, add 256 sequencingprimers—covers 128 target regions, for both Watson and Crick strand,including overlapping regions when needed. Generate about 80 bases ofsequence information, plus 10 bases of unique fragment identifierbarcode. Approximately 307,200 micro-pores out of the 529,920micro-pores will generate sequence information, with about 75% of theseproviding reads from a single PCR product per sequencing round. Add anadditional 256 sequencing primers as often as needed to sequence as manytargeted regions as needed. In one embodiment, the original nestedprimers may also be used as sequencing primers. In another embodiment,the nested primers may be designed to contain different sets ofuniversal sequences comprising the master universal sequence and then8-16 bases on the 3′ end to uniquely sequence different fragments, suchthat on average, 256 products are sequenced per individual sequencingprimer. Optionally, repeat with next sequencing primer to sequence next256 fragments.

The design illustrated in FIG. 48 is also suitable for non-invasiveprenatal testing (NIPT) of trisomy in plasma; using Fragment identifierPCR-sequencing. The basic idea is to enumerate how many copies of eachstrand are present. Since the Watson strands should match the Crickstrands in each of the Primary PCR Reaction Chambers (since they aregenerated from a given fragment with one of each strand), this is aninternal control for loss of strands or other errors. Multiple uniqueloci on Chromosomes 2 (control), 13, 18, 21, X, and Y are used toestablish copy number as well as discern trisomy or other chromosomalcopy changes.

During manufacture of the cartridge, micro-pores are pre-filled with asingle universal primer, which is immobilized, and micro-pores aredried. Since all subdivisions contain the identical primer, they may beadded through the columns, or by other means. During use of thecartridge, reactions are fluidically moved up the cartridge, andeventually up the columns of micro-wells or micro-pores, where eachcolumn is isolated from its neighbor column. In this illustrativeexample, showing 4 each of the planned 48 columns 64 rows equaling 3,072subdivisions, each subdivision comprising 2,760 micro-pores, for a totalof 8,478,720 micro-pores in the array, the initial plasma DNA (adjustedto 2,000 genome equivalents) is combined with buffer, enzymes, fragmentidentifier primers, equally split, and fluidically moved into the set ofdiamond chambers is divided into 48 Primary PCR Reaction Chambers, withaverage distribution of 40 copies of each locus per Primary PCR ReactionChamber, with different SNPs. Optionally, primers containing an RNA baseand 3′ blocking group are unblocked with RNaseH2 only when bound to thecorrect target, providing additional specificity and avoiding falseproducts. Perform 3 cycles of fragment identifier PCR for both strands,each strand covering slightly different sequences. Yields 4 copies oftop strand, and 4 copies of bottom strand. Remove universal primersequence from product with UDG/APE1 to generate single-stranded tails onboth sides of the PCR products, which facilitates hybridization toimmobilized primer in micro-pore. If needed, fresh PCR reagents areadded, mixed with the PCR products of each Primary PCR Reaction Chamber,and distributed into the Mixing Chambers and then into the micro-poresof each column. PCR amplify one or more products in each micro-poreusing nested target-specific primer and universal primer and melt offnon-anchored strand. Add either target-specific, or universal primerswith unique tag-specific portions as sequencing primers. Performsequencing-by-synthesis. Generate about 50 bases of sequenceinformation, plus 10 bases of unique fragment identifier barcode, foraccurate enumeration of each SNP and chromosomal copy number, withverification on both strands.

In an alternative embodiment, for identifying chromosomal copy changesin NIPT, using 48 double-columns and 48 double-rows equaling 2,304subdivisions, each subdivision comprising 11,040 micro-pores, with529,920 micro-pores per double-column. Distribute initial sample into 48wells or Primary PCR Reaction Chambers. Adjust DNA in plasma/sample to2,000 genome equivalents. Distribute initial sample mixed withlocus-specific primers, buffer, and polymerase into 48 wells or PrimaryPCR Reaction Chambers, for example by using acoustic droplet ejection asillustrated in FIG. 50. On average, 40 copies of each locus per PrimaryPCR Reaction Chamber, with different SNPs. Perform 3 cycles of fragmentidentifier PCR for both strands, each strand covering slightly differentsequences. Yields 4 copies of top strand, and 4 copies of bottom strand.Treat with UDG/APE1, and distribute products of each Primary PCRReaction Chamber into 529,920 micro-pores. Assuming 75% capture, a givenlocus will have about 240 copies per subdivision (120 for Watson strandand 120 for Crick strand). PCR amplify multiple products in each wellusing nested locus-specific primers and universal primers, and melt offnon-anchored strand. In one embodiment, add 2,208 sequencing primers (orone primer, see below)—covers 1,104 locus regions, for both Watson andCrick strand. Generate about 50 bases of sequence information, plus 10bases of unique fragment identifier barcode. Optionally add anadditional 2,208 (or one primer, see below) sequencing primers. Theabove calculations are based on filling on average about 50% of themicro-pores. (Poisson distribution: mean lambda=0.4; Initial percentagex=0). Under such conditions, approximately 60% of the micro-pores willnot give any sequencing reads, about 30% are unique (i.e. single reads),about 7.5% will give double reads, and about 1.3% will give triplereads. On a practical level, the single reads are unambiguous fordistinguishing SNPs. The double reads may be used to determine loci, butdouble reads should not be used to distinguish SNPs. Between the singleand double reads, over 90% of the strands are covered, and since thatdistribution is essentially random, this approach should provide highlyaccurate enumeration of each strand present in the initial sample. Inone embodiment, the original nested primers may also be used assequencing primers. In another embodiment, the nested primers may bedesigned to contain different sets of universal sequences comprising themaster universal sequence and then 8-16 bases on the 3′ end to uniquelysequence different fragments, such that on average, 368 products aresequenced per individual sequencing primer. Repeat with next sequencingprimer to sequence next 1,104 fragments.

The ability to accurately enumerate copy number in a clinical sample hasadditional uses as well. In the field of NIPT, there may be anopportunity to detect de novo Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD). Thisdisease may arise sporadically due to deletion of a portion of the DMDgene. Coverage of both SNPs and all exons across the DMD would allow foraccurate assessment of copy loss.

Another embodiment of the ability to accurately enumerate both copynumber and SNPs would be to identify LOH or gene amplification,initially in circulating tumor cells (CTC's), but ultimately in cfDNA aswell. This approach would be facilitated by determining the haplotype ofthe diploid genome in normal cells for that patient, which may beaccomplished by standard approaches from DNA isolated from the buffycoat fraction (polymorphonuclear leukocytes, PMN's). Sufficient DNAwould be required to achieve statistical significance, but briefly ifthere is a consistent undercount or over count of all the SNPs on agiven chromosomal arm (i.e. 8p, often lost in cancers; or 20q, oftengained in cancers) then that would suggest loss or gain of that armrespectively in the clinical sample. Depending on the percent of tumorderived cfDNA in the plasma sample, this technique may be sensitiveenough for detection of cancer (i.e. when trying to identify LOH incfDNA), and it may assist in guiding treatment decisions, or monitoringefficacy of therapy (i.e. when scoring for copy changes directly fromCTC's).

FIGS. 49A-49B are schematic side views of cartridge 104 and valve setupfor identifying unknown mutations at low-abundance in plasma; usingFragment identifier PCR-sequencing; identifying unknown pathogen usingMultiplexed PCR-Nested PCR-sequencing; and identifying methylations andunknown mutations at low-abundance in plasma; using Fragment identifierPCR-sequencing. FIG. 49A is a schematic front view illustrating fluidicconnection of micro-channels to subdivisions of arrays of micro-pores202, with 5-micron diameter. The bottom of the array of micro-pores hasanother layer 238. For simplicity, the figure illustrates one InitialMultiplex Reaction Chamber 110, 16 Primary multiplex PCR reactionChambers 116 (containing troughs 118), 16 Secondary multiplex ReactionChambers 122 (containing troughs 124 and baffles 123), 16 Narrow MixingChambers 128, and one main Chamber comprising subdivisions 232 of 16columns and millions of micro-pores or micro-wells. These are coupledtogether by conduits 114, 120, 126, and 130 as shown. Fluid enterscartridge 104 through inlet 102 and leaves through outlet 108. However,other configurations of the chambers may also be used, for example themultiplexed PCR-Nested PCR-sequencing for pathogen detection describedin FIG. 48 would not require the Secondary multiplex Reaction Chambers.FIG. 49B shows the fluidics system for Fragment identifierPCR-sequencing using a micro-pore plate composed of millions ofmicro-pores 202. The micro-pore plate is fluidically accessible fromboth sides of the pores: the first side 244 (top of plate, illustratedon left side of plate) is in communication with Valves 1, 2, & 3 whilethe second side 246 (bottom of plate, illustrated on right side ofplate) is in communication with Valves 4, 5, & 6. Valve 1 dispenses alysis/protease buffer, enzymes, wash buffer, elute buffer, buffer, EtOH,Light Oil, and Heavy Oil, as needed through the Initial Reaction Chamber110, the 48 Primary PCR Reaction Chambers 116, and additional chambersacross the first side of the micro-pore plate through Valve 3 to Waste.In addition, Valve 1 can select a Waste port, which can be used tovacate the first side of micro-pore plate, other chambers, Primary PCRReaction Chambers 116, and Initial Reaction Chamber 110 by theintroduction of Air through Valve 3 in a reverse direction. Valve 1 canalso select Valve 2. Valve 2 dispenses Fragment ID PCR primers, MasterPCR Mix, Master UDG/APE1 Buffer, Nested & Universal Primers, Wash, EtOH,& Air through Initial Multiplex Reaction Chamber, the PCR ReactionChambers, and additional chambers across the first side of themicro-pore plate through Valve 3 to Waste. Valve 5 dispenses Sequencingprimer sets 1, 2, &, 3, buffer, ETOH, Air, Light Oil, Heavy Oil andWaste across the second side of the micro-pore plate through Valve 6 toWaste. Valve 5 can also select Valve 4. Valve 4 dispenses Extension mixincluding polymerase and appropriate fluorescently labeled nucleotidesfor sequencing-by-synthesis, Rinse buffer, Imaging buffer, Cleavagebuffer, and Wash. In addition, Valve 1 can select a Waste port, whichcan be used to vacate the second side micro-pore plate by introductionof Air through Valve 6 in a reverse direction.

TABLE 6 Reagent Setup for Fragment Identifier PCR - Sequencing(Mutation) Port Valve 1 Valve 2 Valve 4 Valves 5 V 3/6 1 Lysis/Pro-Frag. ID PCR Extension Reagents from Waste tease Buf. primers V4 2 WashMaster PCR mix Rinse Seq. primers 1 Air 3 Elute Master Imaging Seq.primers 2 or Buffer UDG/APE1 connect 4 Enz/Prim. Nested & Univ. CleaveSeq. primers 3 with air/ from V2 prim. 5 Empty Buffer Wash Empty (Pre-waste of (Pre-mix) mix) 6 Waste Wash Empty Waste V 1/5 7 Buffer ETOHEmpty Buffer 8 ETOH Air Empty ETOH 9 Air Empty Air 10 Light Oil EmptyLight Oil 11 Heavy Oil Empty Heavy Oil 12 Hexanol Empty Hexanol

FIG. 49B illustrates several heating elements that would be designed toprovide independent heating/cooling to the Initial Multiplex ReactionChamber 110, the Primary 24-48 Multiplex PCR reaction Chambers 116, theSecondary 24-48 Multiplex Reaction Chambers 122, and the main Chambercomprising subdivisions 232 of 24-48 columns and thousands ofmicro-pores or micro-wells. The back plate 206 (opposite front plate204) or one or more flat surface(s) of the micro-pore or micro-wellchamber, and the reaction chambers may be pressed against these heatingelements to allow for temperature control, heating, and/orthermocycling. As illustrated in FIG. 49, the two heating elementsbehind the Primary 24-48 Multiplex PCR reaction Chambers 116, theSecondary 24-48 Multiplex Reaction Chambers 122 would be designed as tworectangular (horizontal) strips to control all the Primary Chambersindependently of all the Secondary Chambers. Alternative configurationsmay also be used. For example, having independent heating elements foreach Primary Chamber, having additional rows of chambers (i.e. Primary,Secondary, Tertiary, etc.) having additional rows or heating elements,and/or having the 24-48 spatial multiplexing arranged in a differentgeometry than rows or columns, for either/or the Initial ReactionChamber 110, the Primary Chambers 116, the Secondary Chambers 118, theMixing Chambers 120, and the main chamber comprising subdivisions 232 ofthe thousands of micro-wells or micro-pores. Alternative configurationsmay also be used, for example the initial limited cycle PCR may bedivided into two steps (i) Single-sided multiplexed primer linearextension with or without blocking primer to suppress extension ofwild-type DNA, and (ii) Addition of the complementary primers for one ortwo PCR amplification cycles of the initial extension products. Asanother example, a plate may comprise 24 separate input wells, eachfluidically connect to an individual Primary multiplex PCR reactionChamber 116, an individual Secondary multiplex Reaction Chamber 122, anindividual Mixing chamber 128, and an individual Chamber comprisingsubdivisions 232 of thousands to millions of micro-pores or micro-wells.Samples may undergo an optional initial multiplexed reaction, and thenimported into the 24 individual input wells via acoustic dropletejection or other fluidic means.

The cartridge and valve setup of FIG. 49 may also be used foridentifying unknown pathogen using Multiplexed PCR-NestedPCR-sequencing. This figure illustrates the fluidics system formultiplexed PCR-Nested PCR-sequencing using a micro-pore plate composedof millions of micro-pores. The micro-pore plate is fluidicallyaccessible from both sides of the pores: the first side (top of plate244, illustrated on left side of plate) is in communication with Valves1, 2, & 3 while the second side (bottom of plate 246, illustrated onright side of plate) is in communication with Valves 4, 5, & 6. Valve 1dispenses a lysis/protease buffer, enzymes, wash buffer, elute buffer,buffer, EtOH, Light Oil, and Heavy Oil, as needed through the InitialMultiplex Reaction Chamber 110, the 48 PCR Reaction Chambers 116, andadditional chambers across the first side of the micro-pore platethrough Valve 3 to Waste. In addition, Valve 1 can select a Waste port,which can be used to vacate the first side of micro-pore plate, otherchambers, Primary PCR Reaction Chambers 116, and Initial ReactionChambers 110 by the introduction of Air through Valve 3 in a reversedirection. Valve 1 can also select Valve 2. Valve 2 dispenses Initialmultiplex PCR primers, Master PCR Mix, initial reverse-transcriptionprimers, Master reverse transcription mix, Master UDG/APE1 Buffer,Nested & Universal Primers, Wash, EtOH, & Air through Initial ReactionChamber 110, the Primary PCR Reaction Chambers 116, and additionalchambers across the first side of the micro-pore plate through Valve 3to Waste. Valve 5 dispenses Sequencing primer sets 1, 2, &, 3, buffer,ETOH, Air, Light Oil, Heavy Oil and Waste across the second side of themicro-pore plate through Valve 6 to Waste. Valve 5 can also select Valve4. Valve 4 dispenses Extension mix including polymerase and appropriatefluorescently labeled nucleotides for sequencing-by-synthesis, Rinsebuffer, Imaging buffer, Cleavage buffer, and Wash. In addition, Valve 1can select a Waste port, which can be used to vacate the second sidemicro-pore plate by introduction of Air through Valve 6 in a reversedirection.

TABLE 7 Reagent Setup for PCR - Sequencing (Unknown Pathogens) PortValve 1 Valve 2 Valve 4 Valves 5 V 3/6 1 Lysis/Pro- Initial PCR Exten-Reagents from Waste tease Buf. primers sion V4 2 Wash Master PCR mixRinse Seq. primers 1 Air 3 Elute Buffer Initial RT primers Imaging Seq.primers 2 or connect 4 Enz/Prim. Master RT mix Cleave Seq. primers 3with air/ from V2 5 Empty Master Wash Empty (Pre- waste of (Pre-mix)UDG/APE1 mix) 6 Waste Nested & Univ. Empty Waste V 1/5 prim. 7 BufferBuffer Empty Buffer 8 ETOH Wash Empty ETOH 9 Air ETOH Air 10 Light OilAir Light Oil 11 Heavy Oil Empty Heavy Oil 12 Hexanol Empty Hexanol

FIG. 50 are schematic views of an alternative cartridge 404 with inlet402 and outlet 408 and valve setup for identifying unknown mutations atlow-abundance in plasma; using Fragment identifier PCR-sequencing. PanelA shows a schematic front view illustrating fluidic connection ofmicro-channels to the array of micro-pores, with 5-micron diameter. Thissetup is for the alternative embodiments described above, i.e. whenusing 48 double-columns and 48 double-rows equaling 2,304 subdivisions,each subdivision comprising 11,040 micro-pores, with 529,920 micro-poresper double-column. In these embodiments, initial reactions are performedin separate wells or Reaction Chambers 452, and then acoustic dropletejection through conduits 455 is used to push the appropriate reagents,enzymes, buffers, targets and/or pre-amplified targets through conduits454 into openings 456 that lead to input chambers and subdivisions 432having columns comprising micro-pores. Subsequently, the plate isfluidically coupled to 4 valves (Panel C). Liquid leaving subdivisions432 pass through conduits 454, chambers 467, and conduits 457 leading tooutlet 405. The micro-pore plate is fluidically accessible from bothsides of the pores through channels 240 and 242: the first side 206(illustrated as top of plate) is in communication with Valves 1 & 3while the second side 204 (illustrated as bottom of plate) is incommunication with Valves 2 & 4. Valve 1 dispenses Extension mixincluding polymerase and appropriate fluorescently labeled nucleotidesfor sequencing-by-synthesis, Rinse buffer, Imaging buffer, Cleavagebuffer, Wash, Light Oil and ETOH. Valve 2 dispenses Wash, Rinse buffer,Cleavage buffer, ETOH, Heavy Oil, and Air. In addition, Valve 1 canselect a Waste port, which can be used to vacate the second sidemicro-pore plate by introduction of Air through Valve 4 in a reversedirection.

FIG. 51 provides one embodiment of primer design for sequencing andidentifying methylations in one target strand. cfDNA is treated withBsh1236I (CGACG) to completely digest unmethylated DNA in the InitialReaction Chamber. Treat with bisulfite, which converts C but not 5meC todU, and renders the strands non-complementary. Distribute the sampleinto 48 Primary PCR Reaction Chambers. The spatial distribution willassure that for low abundance methylations, each methylated fragment isin a different Primary PCR Reaction Chamber. Thus, when a methylation ispresent in two or more Primary PCR Reaction Chambers, it is most likelya true methylation and not due to incomplete cleavage or bisulfiteconversion. Nested, locus-specific primer pairs are provided to amplifytarget sequences, each primer pair comprising of: (i) a firstlocus-specific primer, said primer comprising of a first 5′ universal ortag sequence portion, a locus-specific 3′ portion, a cleavable base suchas a ribo-nucleotide and a blocking group on the 3′ end; and (ii) asecond locus-specific primer with two or more dU bases throughout theprimer sequence, said primer comprising of a second 5′ universal or tagsequence portion, a fragment identifier sequence, and a locus-specific3′ portion, a cleavable base such as a ribo-nucleotide and a blockinggroup on the 3′ end. The locus-specific primers are unblocked withRNaseH2 only when bound to target, liberating a 3′OH suitable forpolymerase-mediated extension (FIG. 51, step B). Two or three cycles ofPCR amplification are performed using a thermostable polymerase,preferably a strand-displacement polymerase. These amplification cyclesgenerate product containing the first 5′ universal or tag sequenceportion, the target sequence between the two locus-specific primerportions, the internal fragment identifier, and the complement of thesecond 5′ universal or tag sequence. The original bisulfite-convertedDNA, primers and portion of primers in products are destroyed using UDG(uracil DNA glycosylase) and optionally, APE1 (human apurinicendonuclease; FIG. 51, step C). This renders a portion of one of theends of each double-stranded amplification product single-stranded. Inone variation, distribute products into micro-pores or beads intomicro-pores containing immobilized second tag sequence primers. In thepresence of both first and second tag primers, products are PCRamplified in micro-pores such that a given micro-pore generally containszero or one clonal amplification of a given region, but may containmultiple clonal amplicons from different regions. After denaturation,and removal of unbound fragments, remaining tethered single-strandedtarget DNA is suitable for primer-directed sequencing (FIG. 51, step D).In another variation, anneal biotinylated primer containing second tagsequence to the single-stranded region. Strand displacement polymeraseextends to form full-length double-stranded copy of fragment. Bothextended and free biotinylated primers are captured on streptavidincoated beads to be distributed in micro-pores, or directly onstreptavidin coated micro-pores. In the presence of both first andsecond tag primers, products are PCR amplified in micro-pores such thata given micro-pore generally contains zero or one clonal amplificationof a given region, but that micro-pore may contain multiple clonalamplicons from different regions. After denaturation, and removal ofunbound fragments, remaining tethered single-stranded target DNA issuitable for primer-directed sequencing (Not shown, but like FIG. 41).

FIG. 52 is a schematic front view of a portion of an exemplary designfor pre-chamber loading to allow for liquids to be fluidically moved tothe chambers comprising of micro-wells or micro-pores. This designillustrates the chamber architecture and micro-wells or micro-poressuitable for identifying methylation and unknown mutations atlow-abundance in plasma; using Fragment identifier PCR-sequencing. InFIG. 52, the input sample is fluidically connected to a large hexagonalchamber 110 (bottom, Initial Reaction Chambers) through inlet 112, whichis fluidically connected by conduits 114 to a first set of hexagonalchambers 116 (containing small troughs 118, Primary PCR ReactionChambers), which are fluidically connected by conduits 120 to a secondset of hexagonal chambers 122 (containing large troughs 124 and baffles123, Secondary Reaction Chambers), which are fluidically connected byconduits 126 to long narrower mixing chambers 128, which are fluidicallyconnected by conduits 130 to the chambers comprising subdivisions 232 ofmicro-pores (top of panel, with only 4 rows illustrated). The diagram isnot to scale and is for illustrative purposes. During manufacture of thecartridge, micro-pores are pre-filled with a single universal primer,which is immobilized, and micro-pores are dried. Since all subdivisionscontain the identical primer, they may be added through the columns, orby other means. During use of the cartridge, reactions are fluidicallymoved up the cartridge, and eventually up the columns of micro-wells ormicro-pores, where each column is isolated from its neighbor column. Inthis illustrative example, showing 4 each of the planned 48 columns and64 rows equaling 3,072 subdivisions, each subdivision comprising 2,760micro-pores, for a total of 8,478,720 micro-pores in the array, theinitial plasma DNA (highest level of 10,000 genome equivalents) isdivided in half, with the second half temporarily stored. The first halfis combined with buffer, enzymes, fragment identifier primers, equallysplit, and fluidically moved into the first set of diamond chambers isdistributed into 48 Primary PCR Reaction Chambers, with averagedistribution of 200 copies of each target per Primary PCR ReactionChamber, with at most 1 mutation. Optionally, primers containing an RNAbase and 3′ blocking group are unblocked with RNaseH2 only when bound tothe correct target, providing additional specificity and avoiding falseproducts. Perform 3 cycles of fragment identifier PCR for both strands,each strand covering slightly different sequences. Yields 4 copies oftop strand, and 4 copies of bottom strand. Remove universal primersequence from product with UDG/APE1 to generate single-stranded tails onone or both sides of the PCR products, which facilitates hybridizationto immobilized primer in micro-pore. The products are fluidically movedto the Secondary Reaction Chambers, and the earlier chambers are drainedand washed. Digest second half of sample with Bsh1236I in the InitialReaction Chamber. Treat digested DNA with bisulfite, and re-purify DNAstrands. Mix bisulfite treated DNA with primers, reagents, andpolymerase, and distribute into first set of 48 Primary PCR ReactionChambers. Highest level of DNA in plasma after restriction endonucleasecleavage is about 200 genome equivalents. On average, after endonucleasetreatment, 4 copies of each target per Primary PCR Reaction Chamber,with at most 1 is methylated. Perform 3 cycles of fragment identifierPCR for both strands, each strand covering slightly different sequences.Yields 4 copies of top strand, and 4 copies of bottom strand oforiginally methylated DNA. Remove universal primer sequence from productwith UDG/APE1 to generate single-stranded tails on one or both sides ofthe PCR products. These methylation-specific primary PCR products arecombined with the earlier mutation-specific products in the SecondaryReaction Chambers, then moved up into the long (narrower) MixingChambers while mixing with the fresh buffer, primers and polymerase, andthen finally the products are distributed into the chambers comprisingof micro-pores of each column. PCR amplify one or more products in eachmicro-pore using nested target-specific primer and universal primer andmelt off non-anchored strand. Add either target-specific, or universalprimers with unique tag-specific portions as sequencing primers. Performsequencing-by-synthesis. Generate about 80 bases of sequenceinformation, plus 10 bases of unique fragment identifier barcode, foraccurate enumeration of each mutation, with verification on bothstrands. In one embodiment, 72 sequencing primers are used to cover 36target regions, for identifying and verifying mutations in both Watsonand Crick strands, including overlapping regions when needed. If needed,an additional 72 sequencing primers may be used. In another embodiment,the cartridge is designed with room for 4 rounds of sequencing=288primers—covers 144 target regions, both strands, with accurateenumeration of each mutation. In another embodiment, the original nestedprimers may also be used as sequencing primers. Also, the nested primersmay be designed to contain different sets of universal sequencescomprising the master universal sequence and then 8-12 bases on the 3′end to uniquely sequence different fragments, such that on average, 72products are sequenced per individual sequencing primer. Optionally,repeat with next sequencing primer to sequence next 72 fragments. In oneembodiment, the methylated regions are sequenced in the same round asthe regions containing potential mutations. In another embodiment, themethylated regions are covered in one of the independent sequencingruns, which theoretically could cover 2,760 methylated regions, withaccurate enumeration of every methylated region.

In an alternative embodiment, low-abundance methylation and mutationsare identified and enumerated using 48 double-columns and 48 double-rowsequaling 2,304 subdivisions, each subdivision comprising 11,040micro-pores, with 529,920 micro-pores per double-column. Divide initialplasma sample in half, and then distribute half into 48 wells or PrimaryPCR Reaction Chambers, mixed with locus-specific primers, buffer, andpolymerase into 48 subdivisions, for example by using acoustic dropletejection as illustrated in FIG. 50. Highest level of DNA inplasma=10,000 genome equivalents. On average, 200 copies of each targetper Primary PCR Reaction Chamber, with at most 1 mutation. Perform 3cycles of fragment identifier PCR for both strands, each strand coveringslightly different sequences. Yields 4 copies of top strand, and 4copies of bottom strand. Treat with UDG/APE1 to remove universal primersequence from product. Digest second half of sample with Bsh1236I in awell or Initial Reaction Chamber. Treat digested DNA with bisulfite, andre-purify DNA strands. Mix bisulfite treated DNA with primers, reagents,and polymerase, and distribute into 48 wells or Primary PCR ReactionChambers. Highest level of DNA in plasma after restriction endonucleasecleavage is about 200 genome equivalents. On average, after endonucleasetreatment, 4 copies of each target per Primary PCR Reaction Chamber,with at most 1 is methylated. Perform 3 cycles of fragment identifierPCR for both strands, each strand covering slightly different sequences.Yields 4 copies of top strand, and 4 copies of bottom strand oforiginally methylated DNA. Treat with UDG/APE1 to remove universalprimer sequence from product. Combine and distribute methylation andmutation target products from each Primary PCR Reaction Chamber into529,920 micro-pores. Assuming 75% capture, a given mutation target willhave about 1200 copies per section (column), and if a mutation ispresent, there should be about 3 copies of the “Watson strand” and about3 copies of the “Crick strand”. Assuming 75% capture, a givenmethylation target will have about 16 copies per section (column), andif a methylated region is present, there should be about 3 copies of the“Watson strand” and about 3 copies of the “Crick strand”. PCR amplifymultiple products in each micro-pore using nested target-specificprimers and universal primers, and melt off non-anchored strand. In oneembodiment, add 256 sequencing primers—covers 128 target regions, forboth Watson and Crick strand, including overlapping regions when needed.Generate about 80 bases of sequence information, plus 10 bases of uniquefragment identifier barcode. Approximately 307,200 micro-pores out ofthe 529,920 micro-pores will generate sequence information, with about75% of these providing reads from a single PCR product per sequencinground. Add an additional 256 sequencing primers as often as needed tosequence as many targeted regions as needed. In one embodiment, theoriginal nested primers may also be used as sequencing primers. Inanother embodiment, the nested primers may be designed to containdifferent sets of universal sequences comprising the master universalsequence and then 8-16 bases on the 3′ end to uniquely sequencedifferent fragments, such that on average, 256 products are sequencedper individual sequencing primer. Optionally, repeat with nextsequencing primer to sequence next 256 fragments. In one embodiment, themethylated regions are sequenced in the same round as the regionscontaining potential mutations. In another embodiment, the methylatedregions are covered in one of the independent sequencing runs, whichtheoretically could cover 19,200 methylated regions, with accurateenumeration of every methylated region. Thus, if a master universalsequence is used just for the methylated regions, this single primercould cover all the methylated regions in a single run.

The cartridge and valve setup of FIG. 49 may also be used foridentifying methylations and unknown mutations at low-abundance inplasma; using Fragment identifier PCR-sequencing. This figureillustrates the fluidics system for Fragment identifier PCR-sequencingusing a micro-pore plate composed of millions of micro-pores. Themicro-pore plate is fluidically accessible from both sides of the pores:the first side (top of plate, illustrated on left side of plate) is incommunication with Valves 1, 2, & 3 while the second side (bottom ofplate, illustrated on right side of plate) is in communication withValves 4, 5, & 6. Valve 1 dispenses a lysis/protease buffer, enzymes,wash buffer, elute buffer, buffer, EtOH, Light Oil, and Heavy Oil, asneeded through the Initial Reaction Chamber, the 48 Primary PCR ReactionChambers, and additional chambers across the first side of themicro-pore plate through Valve 3 to Waste. In addition, Valve 1 canselect a Waste port, which can be used to vacate the first side ofmicro-pore plate, other chambers, Primary PCR Reaction Chambers, andInitial Reaction Chamber by the introduction of Air through Valve 3 in areverse direction. Valve 1 can also select Valve 2. Valve 2 dispensesFragment ID PCR primers 1, Master PCR Mix, Master UDG/APE1 Buffer,Nested & Universal Primers 1, Bsh1236I, Bisulfite, Fragment ID PCRprimers 2, Nested & Universal Primers 2, Wash, EtOH, & Air throughInitial Multiplex Reaction Chamber, the PCR Reaction Chambers, andadditional chambers across the first side of the micro-pore platethrough Valve 3 to Waste. Valve 5 dispenses Sequencing primer sets 1, 2,&, 3, buffer, ETOH, Air, Light Oil, Heavy Oil and Waste across thesecond side of the micro-pore plate through Valve 6 to Waste. Valve 5can also select Valve 4. Valve 4 dispenses Extension mix includingpolymerase and appropriate fluorescently labeled nucleotides forsequencing-by-synthesis, Rinse buffer, Imaging buffer, Cleavage buffer,and Wash. In addition, Valve 1 can select a Waste port, which can beused to vacate the second side micro-pore plate by introduction of Airthrough Valve 6 in a reverse direction.

TABLE 8 Reagent Setup for Fragment Identifier PCR - Sequencing (Mutationand Methylation) Port Valve 1 Valve 2 Valve 4 Valves 5 V 3/6 1Lysis/Pro- Frag. ID PCR Exten- Reagents from Waste tease Buf. prim. 1sion V4 2 Wash Master PCR Rinse Seq. primers 1 Air mix 3 Elute MasterImaging Seq. primers 2 or Buffer UDG/APE1 connect 4 Enz/Prim. Nested,Univ. Cleave Seq. primers 3 with air/ from V2 prim. 1 5 Empty Bsh12361Wash Empty (Pre- waste of (Pre-mix) mix) 6 Waste Bisulfite Empty Waste V1/5 7 Buffer Frag. ID PCR Empty Buffer prim. 2 8 ETOH Nested, Univ.Empty ETOH prim. 2 9 Air Buffer Air 10 Light Oil Wash Light Oil 11 HeavyOil ETOH Heavy Oil 12 Hexanol Air Hexanol

FIG. 49B illustrates several heating elements that would be designed toprovide independent heating/cooling to the Initial Multiplex ReactionChamber 110, the Primary 24-48 multiplex PCR reaction Chambers 116, theSecondary 24-48 multiplex Reaction Chambers 122, and the main Chambercomprising subdivisions 232 of 24-48 columns and thousands ofmicro-pores or micro-wells. The back plate, or one or more flatsurface(s) of the micro-pore or micro-well chamber, and the reactionchambers may be pressed against these heating elements to allow fortemperature control, heating, and/or thermocycling. As illustrated inFIG. 49, the two heating elements behind the Primary 24-48 multiplex PCRreaction Chambers 116, the Secondary 24-48 multiplex Reaction Chambers122 would be designed as two rectangular (horizontal) strips to controlall the Primary Chambers independently of all the Secondary Chambers.Alternative configurations may also be used, for example havingindependent heating elements for each Primary Chamber, having additionalrows of chambers (i.e. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, etc.) havingadditional rows or heating elements, and/or having the 24-48 spatialmultiplexing arranged in a different geometry than rows or columns, foreither/or the Initial Reaction Chamber 110, the Primary Chambers 116,the Secondary Chambers 122, the Mixing Chambers 128, and the mainchamber comprising subdivisions 232 of the thousands of micro-wells ormicro-pores. Alternative configurations may also be used, for examplethe methylated DNA may be enriched for using methyl-specific bindingprotein or antibody to methylated DNA instead of the Bsh1236I selectionprocess. This step may take place either within the cartridge, or priorto entering the methyl-enriched DNA into the cartridge. After bisulfitetreatment, the initial limited cycle multiplexed PCR may be divided intotwo steps (i) Single-sided multiplexed primer linear extension with orwithout blocking primer to suppress extension of unmethylated DNA, and(ii) Addition of the complementary primers for one or two PCRamplification cycles of the initial extension products.

FIG. 53 provides one embodiment of primer design for sequencing low- andmedium-abundance lncRNA, mRNA, and splice variants. Usereverse-transcriptase to make cDNA copies with 3′ transcript-specificprimers in the Initial Reaction Chamber (FIG. 53, step A). Distributethe sample into 24 Primary PCR Reaction Chambers. Nested,transcript-specific primer pairs are provided to amplify transcriptsequences, each primer pair comprising of: (i) a first locus-specificprimer, said primer comprising of a first 5′ universal or tag sequenceportion, a locus-specific 3′ portion, a cleavable base such as aribo-nucleotide and a blocking group on the 3′ end; and (ii) a secondlocus-specific primer with two or more dU bases throughout the primersequence, said primer comprising of a second 5′ universal or tagsequence portion, a transcript identifier sequence, and a locus-specific3′ portion, a cleavable base such as a ribo-nucleotide and a blockinggroup on the 3′ end. The locus-specific primers are unblocked withRNaseH2 only when bound to cDNA or complement, liberating a 3′OHsuitable for polymerase-mediated extension (FIG. 53, step B). Two orthree cycles of PCR amplification are performed using a thermostablepolymerase, preferably a strand-displacement polymerase. Theseamplification cycles generate product containing the first 5′ universalor tag sequence portion, the transcript sequence between the twolocus-specific primer portions, the internal transcript identifier, andthe complement of the second 5′ universal or tag sequence. The originalprimers and portion of primers in products are destroyed using UDG(uracil DNA glycosylase) and optionally, APE1 (human apurinicendonuclease; FIG. 53, step C). This renders a portion of one of theends of each double-stranded amplification product single-stranded. Inone variation, distribute products into micro-pores or beads intomicro-pores containing immobilized second tag sequence primers. In thepresence of both first and second tag primers, products are PCRamplified in micro-pores such that a given well generally contains zeroor one clonal amplification of a given region, but that pore may containmultiple clonal amplicons from different regions. After denaturation,and removal of unbound fragments, remaining tethered single-strandedtarget DNA is suitable for primer-directed sequencing (FIG. 53, step D).In another variation, anneal biotinylated primer containing second tagsequence to the single-stranded region. Strand displacement polymeraseextends to form full-length double-stranded copy of fragment. Bothextended and free biotinylated primers are captured on streptavidincoated beads to be distributed in micro-pores, or directly onstreptavidin coated micro-pores. In the presence of both first andsecond tag primers, products are PCR amplified in micro-pores such thata given micro-pore generally contains zero or one clonal amplificationof a given region, but may contain multiple clonal amplicons fromdifferent regions. After denaturation, and removal of unbound fragments,remaining tethered single-stranded target DNA is suitable forprimer-directed sequencing (Not shown, but like FIG. 41).

FIG. 54 is a schematic front view of a portion of an exemplary designfor pre-chamber loading to allow for liquids to be fluidically moved tothe chambers comprising of micro-wells or micro-pores. This designillustrates the chamber architecture and micro-wells or micro-poressuitable for performing Multiplexed RT-PCR-Nested PCR-UniTaq detection,for enumeration of both rare and over-expressed lncRNA, mRNA, splicevariants or gene-fusions. (Alternatively, Multiplexed RT-PCR-NestedPCR-Real-time-PCR with target-specific Taqman™ probes). The input sampleis fluidically connected through inlet 12 to a large hexagonal chamber10 (bottom, Initial Reaction Chamber), which is fluidically connected byconduits 14 to a first set of hexagonal chambers 16 (8 each containinglarge troughs 18 c, medium troughs 18 b, and small troughs 18 a,respectively (with large trough 18 a shown in FIG. 54), the Primary PCRReaction Chambers), which are fluidically connected by conduits 20 to asecond set of hexagonal chambers 22 (2 each containing large troughs 24a and small troughs 24 b, respectively, the Secondary ReactionChambers), which are fluidically connected by conduits 26 to longnarrower Mixing Chambers 28, which are fluidically connected by conduits30 to the chambers comprising subdivisions 32 of micro-wells ormicro-pores (top of panel, with only 4 rows illustrated). The diagram isnot to scale and is for illustrative purposes. During manufacture of thecartridge, rows are pre-filled with 1-4 UniTaq primer sets (oralternatively, 1-4 universal tag primer sets with target-specificTaqman™ probes). During manufacture of the cartridge, chambers leadingup to the columns of micro-wells or micro-pores are pre-filled withNested PCR primer sets with either UniTaq or universal tag sequences ontheir 5′ ends. The grey circles 17 on the left side of the drawingillustrate potential position for delivering or printing primer sets,for example by acoustic droplet ejection, capillary, inkjet, or quillprinting. The primers are dried down, and the cover part of thecartridge assembled to seal the probe sets in their appropriatepositions. During use of the cartridge, reactions are fluidically movedfrom the initial chambers of the cartridge up the cartridge, andeventually up the columns of micro-wells or micro-pores, where eachcolumn is isolated from its neighbor column. In this illustrativeexample, showing 4 of the planned 48 columns and 8 of the 64 rowsequaling 3,072 subdivisions, each subdivision comprising 2,760micro-pores, for a total of 8,478,720 micro-pores in the array, theinitial multiplexed reverse-transcription-PCR is for 9 cycles togenerate 512 copies of each original transcript in the Initial ReactionChamber. Distribute initial multiplex products into the Primary PCRReaction Chambers, with average distribution of 20 copies of eachoriginal transcript in each Primary PCR Reaction Chamber. Perform 10cycles of nested PCR using target-specific primers with UniTaq oruniversal tags in groups of 16, 32, or 64 primer sets. Each Primary PCRReaction Chamber is designed to retain a certain percentage of liquidvolume after draining. Perform 3 cycles of filling and draining todifferentially dilute products. Dilute products from each of the PrimaryPCR Reaction Chambers into 2 Secondary Reaction Chambers. Each SecondaryReaction Chamber is designed to retain a certain percentage of liquidvolume after draining. Perform 2 cycles of filling and draining todifferentially dilute products. Distribute nested PCR products intoMixing Chambers and then into micro-pores of each column. Universal orUniTaq primers in each row will amplify only those products from eachcolumn with the correct tags. Poisson distribution in micro-pores willenumerate low-copy, medium-copy, and high-copy lncRNA, mRNA, splicevariants, or gene-fusions.

EXAMPLES Prophetic Example 1—Use of PCR-PCR-Taqman™ or PCR-PCR UnitaqDetection for Unknown Pathogen Identification and Quantification

The assay described below would use a cartridge with 24×16=384 (oroptional 768) subdivisions for 9,216 micro-well or micro-pore arrayformat, with 24 micro-wells or micro-pores per subdivision, and 384micro-wells or micro-pores per column (using pre-spotted array): Pleasesee FIGS. 16, 17, 18, and 24.

The assay may be designed to detect and quantify 384, 768, or 1,536potential targets. Preparation of the cartridge would require spotting24× of either 16, 32, or 64 nested PCR primer pairs on the front side ofthe array, with adding UniTaq or Universal Tag primer andtarget-specific probe sets at right angles and drying them down beforecartridge assembly.

1. Initial multiplexed amplification of the sample—384, 768, or 1536potential targets. Perform 9 cycles of multiplexed PCR in the InitialReaction chamber, yielding a maximum of 512 copies of each originalpathogen. If needed, use “tandem” PCR primers. Also, all PCR primers mayinclude identical 5′ tail sequences, preferably 10-11 bases to suppressamplification of primer dimers.

2. Distribute initial multiplexed products into 24 Primary PCR ReactionChambers. Average distribution in each Primary PCR Reaction Chamber is20 copies of each original pathogen target. Perform 5 cycles of nestedPCR using primers with UniTaq tails, in groups of 16, 32, or 64 primersets, for a maximum of 640 copies of each original pathogen.

3. Distribute products of each Primary PCR Reaction Chamber into 384micro-wells or micro-pores. On average, each subdivision (comprising 24micro-wells or micro-pores) will get 40 copies of each originalpathogen, with a given well getting one or two copies of originalpathogen. If pathogen present in higher numbers, each subdivision willget additional copies. PCR amplify 1, 2, or 4 potential products in eachwell using the UniTaq primer sets and determine Ct value in eachmicro-pore of each subdivision. Use one, two, or four differentfluorescent dyes on the UniTaq primers. Poisson distribution in 24micro-wells or micro-pores (per subdivision) will enumeratepathogen-specific targets initially present at low abundance, while Ctvalues across 24 micro-wells or micro-pores (per subdivision) willprovide approximate copy information for pathogen-specific targetsinitially present at high abundance.

Note 1: The success of this assay format depends on there being noprimer dimers formed by the UniTaq primers, especially when using nestedprimers. Using 3′-blocked UniTaq primers and RNaseH2 to unblock at anRNA base would solve this problem (see FIG. 17). The same 3′ block/RNasetrick may also be used on the nested primer set, however there is aslight risk such primers would be less effective since sequence drift ofthe pathogen may prevent the primers from amplifying that particulartarget.

Note 2: An additional approach to avoid target-independent signal fromprimer dimers is to use nested primers that comprise partial targetsequence in the tag region and amplify a complementary region within thetarget using a strand-displacing polymerase that lacks the 5′-3′nuclease activity. After the UniTaq amplification step, and denaturationof the double-stranded product, the labeled product forms a cloverleafstructure, bringing an RNA base in the probe into a double-stranded formand suitable for liberating the fluorescent group with RNaseH2 (See FIG.18). However, should a primer dimer form in the absence of pathogen, itwould lack the pathogen-specific sequences of the product, thus not formthe clover-leaf structure, thus not be cleaved by RNaseH2. It is notedthat for viral pathogens, there is a slight risk such primers may beless effective in identifying the target, since sequence drift of thetarget may interfere with formation of the desired cloverleaf structure.

Note 3: For RNA viruses, an initial Reverse-transcriptase step would beincluded—or one can use Tth DNA polymerase and Mn2+ in the amplificationbuffer for a single-step RT-PCR. Note also that the sample may be split,and one aliquot is used to amplify potential RNA targets, say for10-cycles, while the second is used to amplify potential low-levelbacterial targets, for example for 20 cycles. The two separate PCRamplification products are then mixed, diluted into PCR buffer, anddistributed into the 24 subdivisions for the nested PCR reactions.

Note 4: One advantage of using the UniTaq primers is they may be placedvery close to each other such that multiple nested products may begenerated off a single initial target amplicon. This allows primerdesign with 2, 3, or 4 initial targets for each pathogen, followed by 2,3, or 4 nested primer sets within each target fragment. A pathogen wouldthen only be called positive if a minimum of 2 or 3 of the 4 to 16possible signals are observed. Another advantage of this approach is itwould limit the number of PCR primers in the initial multiplexedreaction. A further advantage is that primers can be designed such thatthose signals are displayed in different subdivisions to mitigate anytarget-independent (false) signals.

Prophetic Example 2—Use of PCR-PCR-Taqman™ or PCR-PCR Unitaq Detectionfor Unknown Pathogen Identification and Quantification

The assay described below would use a cartridge with 48×48=2,304subdivisions for 221, 1846 micro-well array format, with 96 micro-wellsper subdivision, and 4,608 micro-wells per column (acoustic dropletejection into microtiter array plate): Please see FIGS. 16, 17, and 18.

The assay may be designed to detect and quantify 576, or 1,152 potentialtargets. Preparation of the microtiter plate would require spottingUniTaq or Universal Tag primer and target-specific probe sets and dryingthem down before use of microtiter plate.

1. Initial multiplexed amplification of the sample—576, or 1,152potential targets. Perform 10 cycles of multiplexed PCR in a well orInitial Reaction Chamber, maximum of 1,024 copies of each originalpathogen. If needed, use “tandem” PCR primers. Also, all PCR primers mayinclude identical 5′ tail sequences, preferably 10-11 bases to suppressamplification of primer dimers.

2. Distribute initial multiplexed products into 48 wells or Primary PCRReaction Chambers. Average distribution in each well or Primary PCRReaction Chamber is 20 copies of each original pathogen target. Perform3-4 cycles of nested PCR using primers with UniTaq tails, in groups of24, or 48 primer sets, for a maximum of 160-320 copies of each originalpathogen.

3. Distribute products of each well or Primary PCR Reaction Chamber into2 or 4 sets of 24 or 12 subdivisions, respectively, containing 96micro-wells. When using 2 sets, the second set is a 100/1 dilution ofthe first. When using 4 sets, each set is a 20/1 dilution of theprevious set. This allows coverage of pathogens present across manyorders of magnitude. On average, each initial subdivision will get 12copies of each original pathogen, with a given micro-well getting one orzero copies of original pathogen. If pathogen is present in highernumbers, each subdivision will get additional copies. PCR amplify 1, 2,or 4 potential products in each micro-well using the pre-spotted UniTaqprimer sets and determine Ct value in each micro-well of eachsubdivision. Use one, two, or four different fluorescent dyes on theUniTaq primers. Poisson distribution in 96 micro-wells across 2 or 4dilution sets will provide some degree of enumeration for very low copypathogen, as well as higher copy pathogen in sample.

See also, notes 1-4 in Example 1 above.

Prophetic Example 3—Use of PCR-LDR-Taqman™, PCR-LDR Unitaq, orPCR-LDR-Split UniTaq (UniSpTq) Detection for Unknown PathogenIdentification and Quantification

The assay described below would use a cartridge with 24×16=384 (oroptional 768) subdivisions for 9,216 micro-well or micro-pore arrayformat, with 24 micro-wells or micro-pores per subdivision, and 384micro-wells or micro-pores per column (using pre-spotted array): Pleasesee FIGS. 19, 20, 21, and 24.

The assay may be designed to detect and quantify 384, 768, or 1,536potential targets. Preparation of the cartridge would require spotting24× of either 16, 32, or 64 LDR primer pairs on the front side of thearray, with adding UniTaq or Universal Tag primer and target-specificprobe sets at right angles and drying them down before cartridgeassembly.

1. Initial multiplexed amplification of the sample—384, 768, or 1536potential targets. Perform 30 cycles of PCR in the Initial ReactionChamber, to provide maximum amplification of each original pathogen. Ifneeded, use “tandem” PCR primers. Also, all PCR primers should includeidentical 5′ tail sequences, preferably 10-11 bases to suppressamplification of primer dimers.

2. Distribute initial multiplexed products into 24 Primary LDR ReactionChambers, while diluting 10-fold. Average distribution in each PrimaryLDR Reaction Chamber will be millions of copies of each originalpathogen target. Perform 20 cycles of LDR using allele-specific primerswith UniTaq tails, in groups of 16, 32, or 64 primer sets.

3. Distribute LDR products of each Primary LDR Reaction Chamber into 384micro-pores. PCR amplify 1, 2, or 4 potential products in each wellusing the UniTaq primer sets and determine Ct value in each micro-poreof each subdivision. Use one, two, or four different fluorescent dyes onthe UniTaq primers. Ct values across 24 micro-wells or micro-pores (persubdivision) provide approximate copy information for pathogen-specifictargets initially present at high abundance.

Note 1: The success of this assay format depends on there being noprimer dimers formed by the UniTaq primers, e.g. with the downstream LDRprimers. This problem has been solved as follows: The initial PCRreaction includes UDG to destroy any accidental carryover contaminationin the original sample, and the PCR products incorporate dUTP. AfterLDR, the UniTaq master mix contains UDG, and will destroy any of the PCRproducts, such that the only amplification can come off the LDR product.(See also, FIGS. 19 & 20).

Note 2: When using the UniTaq primers for the last amplification step,it may be performed using either a simple probe design (FIG. 20), or asplit probe design (FIG. 21). The original probe design has thepotential for forming ligation-independent primer dimers if theextension product off the downstream ligation primer forms a primerdimer with the upstream F1-Bi-Q-Ai UniTaq tag primer (FIG. 20). Theprimer-dimer problem may be addressed by using the split probe designshown in FIG. 21. After the UniTaq amplification step, and denaturationof the double-stranded product, the labeled product forms a stem-loopstructure, allowing the 5′-3′ nuclease activity of Taq polymerase toextend primer Ci and liberate the fluorescent group to generate signal.As soon as the polymerase has traversed the first stem region, thesecond shorter (zi-zi′) stem falls apart, and polymerase continuesextending to create dsDNA products. If there is a ligation-independentprimer dimer product that arose from the extension product off thedownstream ligation primer with the upstream F1-Bi-Q-Ai UniTaq tagprimer, that product will be missing the zi sequence, and consequentlywill not form the full stem loop structure, thus when Ci extends the Bjprobe region will not be hybridized to the Bj′ sequence, the fluorescentgroup (F1) will not be liberated from the quencher (Q).

Note 3: For RNA viruses, an initial Reverse-transcriptase step would beincluded—or one can use Tth DNA polymerase and Mn2+ in the amplificationbuffer for a single-step RT-PCR. Note also that the sample may be split,and one aliquot is used to amplify potential RNA targets, say for30-cycles, while the second is used to amplify potential low-levelbacterial targets, for example for 40 cycles. The two separate PCRamplification products are then mixed, diluted into LDR buffer, anddistributed into the 24 Secondary LDR Reaction Chamber for the LDRreactions.

Note 4: One advantage of using LDR primers is they may be placed veryclose to each other such that multiple, even overlapping LDR productsmay be generated off a single initial target amplicon. This allowsprimer design with 2, 3, or 4 initial targets for each pathogen,followed by 2, 3, or 4 LDR primer sets within each target fragment. Apathogen would then only be called positive if a minimum of 2 or 3 ofthe 4 to 16 possible signals are observed. Another advantage of thisapproach is it would limit the number of PCR primers in the initialmultiplexed reaction. A further advantage is that primers can bedesigned such that those signals are displayed in different subdivisionsto mitigate any target-independent (false) signals.

Prophetic Example 4—Use of PCR-PCR-qLDR Detection or PCR-qLDR DetectionWith Either Universal or Target-Specific Probes, (e.g. UniLDq or TsLDq)for Unknown Pathogen Identification and Quantification

The assay described below would use a cartridge with 24×16=384 (oroptional 768) subdivisions for 9,216 micro-well or micro-pore arrayformat, with 24 micro-wells or micro-pores per subdivision, and 384micro-wells or micro-pores per column (using pre-spotted array): Pleasesee FIGS. 22, and 23.

The assay may be designed to detect and quantify 384, 768, or 1,536potential targets. Preparation of the cartridge would require spotting24× of either 16, 32, or 64 nested PCR primer pairs on the front side ofthe array, with adding qLDR primer and probe sets at right angles, anddrying them down before cartridge assembly.

1. Initial multiplexed amplification of the sample—384, 768, or 1536potential targets. Perform 10-15 cycles of PCR in the Initial ReactionChamber, to provide 1,000 to 32,000-fold amplification of each originalpathogen target. If needed, use “tandem” PCR primers. Also, all PCRprimers should include identical 5′ tail sequences, preferably 10-11bases to suppress amplification of primer dimers.

2. Distribute initial multiplexed products into 24 Primary PCR ReactionChambers, while diluting 10-fold. Average distribution in each PrimaryPCR Reaction Chamber will be 4 to 130 copies of each original pathogentarget. Perform 20-30 cycles of PCR using either a subset of the aboveprimers, or nested primers, in groups of 16, 32, or 64 primer sets.Also, all PCR primers should include identical 5′ tail sequences,preferably 10-11 bases to suppress amplification of primer dimers.

3. Distribute PCR products of each Primary PCR Reaction Chamber into 384micro-wells or micro-pores. iLDR (“i” is for isothermal) amplify 1, 2,or 4 potential products in each well using the primer sets as describedbelow, and determine Ct value in each micro-pore of each subdivision.Use one, two, or four different fluorescent dyes on the UniTaq primers.

Alternatively, for Unknown Bacterial Pathogen Identification Directlyfrom Blood (Using PCR-qLDR Detection):

1. Distribute initial sample into 24 Primary PCR Reaction Chambers.Initial multiplexed amplification of the sample—32, 64, or 128 potentialtargets. Perform 30-40 cycles of multiplexed PCR, to provide billions ofcopies of each original target, if present. Use “tandem” or more PCRprimer sets. Also, all PCR primers include identical 5′ tail sequences,preferably 10-12 bases to suppress amplification of primer dimers.

2. Distribute PCR products of each Primary PCR Reaction Chamber into 384micro-pores. iLDR (i is for isothermal) amplify 1, 2, or 4 potentialproducts in each well using the primer sets as described below anddetermine Ct value in each micro-pore of each subdivision. Use one, two,or four different fluorescent dyes on the UniTaq primers.

Note 1: As an alternative to using UniTaq to generate fluorescentsignal, a new approach is introduced; termed “iLDR” (i for isothermal),see FIGS. 22 and 23. The first version of this approach uses universalTag and probe sequences (FIG. 22). Here, the LDR primers contain bothtag sequences (Bi′; Bj′), as well as sequences complementary to theligation junction region (ti′, tj′). In the presence of PCR amplifiedproduct, the ligation probes hybridize adjacent to each other and arecovalently linked using thermostable ligase. In the presence of probe(F1-r-Bj, Bi-Q), and after the denaturation step, as the temperaturedecreases, 4 double-stranded stems form between probe andpathogen-specific sequences (ti & ti′; tj & tj′), Bi & Bi′, and Bj &Bj′. This renders the ribose base in the Bj sequence double-stranded,enabling RNaseH2 to liberate the fluorescent group (F1) and generatesignal. The cleaved probe dissociates from the product and new probe canhybridize to generate additional signal. Unligated LDR primers would notform all hairpins, and thus RNaseH2 would not liberate signal. Theamount of signal generated is a function of how many probes are cleavedduring each hybridization step to the cumulative LDR product formed inthe previous LDR steps. For example, if 10 fluorescent molecules areliberated for each LDR product formed, then after 5 cycles of LDR, therewould be a 10-fold increase in signal, after 15 cycles, a 100-foldincrease, and after 46 cycles, a 1,000-fold increase. The amount ofproduct formed is about 4 to 5×(cycle #){circumflex over ( )}2. Thepotential advantage of using PCR-iLDR is that the procedure requiresonly 2 steps (instead of the 3 required by PCR-LDR-UniTaq). Ifsufficient signal is generated by the iLDR step for detection, itsimplifies the overall protocol.

Note 2: The second version of iLDR uses probes that aresequence-specific. Here, the LDR primers contain one tag sequence (Bi′),and one sequence complementary to the ligation junction region (tj′). Inthe presence of probe (F1-r-pathogen sequence-Bi-Q), and after thedenaturation step, as the temperature decreases, 2 double-stranded stemsform between pathogen-specific sequences (ti,tj & ti′,tj′), and Bi &Bi′. This renders the ribose base in the pathogen sequencedouble-stranded, enabling RNaseH2 to liberate the fluorescent group andgenerate signal. The cleaved probe dissociates from the product and newprobe can hybridize to generate additional signal. Unligated LDR primerswould not form both stems, and thus RNaseH2 would not liberate signal.As above, the amount of signal generated is a function of how manyprobes are cleaved during each hybridization step to the cumulative LDRproduct formed in the previous LDR steps.

Note 3: For RNA viruses, an initial Reverse-transcriptase step would beincluded—or one can use Tth DNA polymerase and Mn2+ in the amplificationbuffer for a single-step RT-PCR. Note also that the sample may be split,and one aliquot is used to amplify potential RNA targets, say for30-cycles, while the second is used to amplify potential low-levelbacterial targets, for example for 40 cycles. The two separate PCRamplification products are then mixed, diluted into LDR buffer, anddistributed into the 24 Secondary LDR Reaction Chambers for the LDRreactions.

Note 4: One advantage of using LDR primers is they may be placed veryclose to each other such that multiple, even overlapping LDR productsmay be generated off a single initial target amplicon. This allowsprimer design with 2, 3, or 4 initial targets for each pathogen,followed by 2, 3, or 4 LDR primer sets within each target fragment. Apathogen would then only be called positive if a minimum of 2 or 3 ofthe 4 to 16 possible signals are observed. Another advantage of thisapproach is it would limit the number of PCR primers in the initialmultiplexed reaction. A further advantage is that primers can bedesigned such that those signals are displayed in different subdivisionsto mitigate any target-independent (false) signals.

Prophetic Example 5—Use of PCR-PCR-Taqman™ or PCR-PCR Unitaq Detectionfor Unknown Pathogen Identification and Quantification Directly fromBlood

The assay described below would use a cartridge with 24×16=384 (oroptional 768) subdivisions for 9,216 micro-well or micro-pore arrayformat, with 24 micro-wells or micro-pores per subdivision, and 384micro-wells or micro-pores per column (using pre-spotted array): Pleasesee FIGS. 26, and 27.

The assay may be designed to detect and quantify 32, 64, or 128potential targets. Preparation of the cartridge would require spotting16, 32, or 64 nested PCR primer pairs on the front side of the array,with adding UniTaq or Universal Tag and target-specific probe and primersets at right angles and drying them down before cartridge assembly.

1. Distribute initial sample into 24 Primary PCR Reaction Chambers.Initial multiplexed amplification of the sample—32, 64, or 128 potentialtargets. Perform 20 cycles of multiplexed PCR, maximum of 1,000,000copies of each original target, if present. Use “tandem” or more PCRprimer sets. Also, all PCR primers include identical 5′ tail sequences,preferably 10-12 bases to suppress amplification of primer dimers.

2. Perform 10 cycles of nested PCR in Secondary PCR Reaction Chambersusing primers with UniTaq tails, in groups of 16, 32, or 64 primer sets.Primers are unblocked with RNaseH2 only when bound to correct target.

3. Distribute PCR products of each Secondary PCR Reaction Chamber into384 micro-pores. Universal or UniTaq primers in each row will amplifyonly those products from each column with the correct tags.Pre-amplification of target and use of tails to prevent primer dimerformation will allow identification of bacterial pathogens at the singlecell level.

Note 1: The success of this assay format depends on there being noprimer dimers formed by the UniTaq primers, e.g. with the nestedprimers. Using 3′-blocked UniTaq primers and RNaseH2 to unblock at anRNA base would solve this problem. The same 3′ block/RNase trick mayalso be used on the nested primer set; however, there is a slight risksuch primers would be less effective since sequence drift of thepathogen may prevent the primers from amplifying that particular target.

Note 2: One advantage of using the UniTaq primers is they may be placedvery close to each other such that multiple nested products may begenerated off a single initial target amplicon. This allows primerdesign with 2, 3, or 4 initial targets for each pathogen, followed by 2,3, or 4 nested primer sets within each target fragment. A pathogen wouldthen only be called positive if a minimum of 2 or 3 of the 4 to 16possible signals are observed.

Prophetic Example 6—Use of PCR-PCR-Taqman™ or PCR-PCR Unitaq Detectionfor Unknown Pathogen Identification and Quantification Directly FromBlood

The assay described below would use a cartridge with 48×48=2,304subdivisions for 221, 1846 micro-well array format, with 96 micro-wellsper subdivision, and 4,608 micro-wells per column (acoustic dropletejection into microtiter array plate): Please see FIGS. 26 and 27.

The assay may be designed to detect and quantify 48, 96, or 192potential targets. Preparation of the microtiter plate would requirespotting UniTaq or Universal Tag primer and target-specific probe sets,and drying them down before use of microtiter plate.

1. Distribute initial sample into 48 wells or Primary PCR ReactionChambers. Initial multiplexed amplification of the sample—48, 96, or 192potential targets. Perform 9 cycles of multiplexed PCR, maximum of 512copies of each original pathogen, if present. Use “tandem” or more PCRprimer sets. Also, all PCR primers include identical 5′ tail sequences,preferably 10-12 bases to suppress amplification of primer dimers.

2. Distribute products of each well or Primary PCR Reaction Chamber into48 subdivisions respectively containing 96 micro-wells. The subdivisionshave been pre-spotted with appropriate nested target-specific primers,UniTaq primers, and/or probes; (see FIGS. 16, 17, and 18). On average,each initial subdivision will get 10 copies of each original pathogen,with a given micro-well getting one or zero copies of original pathogen.If pathogen is present in higher numbers, each subdivision will getadditional copies. PCR amplify 1, 2, or 4 potential products in eachmicro-pore using the pre-spotted primer sets and determine Ct value ineach micro-well of each subdivision. Use one, two, or four differentfluorescent dyes on the UniTaq primers. Poisson distribution in 96micro-wells will provide some degree of enumeration for very low copypathogen.

See notes 1-2 for Example 5 above.

Prophetic Example 7—Use of PCR-LDR-Taqman™ or PCR-LDR Unitaq Detectionfor Low Abundance Mutation and/or CpG Methylation Identification andQuantification Directly from Plasma

The assay described below would use a cartridge with 24×16=384 (oroptional 768) subdivisions for 9,216 micro-well or micro-pore arrayformat, with 24 micro-wells or micro-pores per subdivision, and 384micro-wells or micro-pores per column (using pre-spotted array): Pleasesee FIGS. 28, 29, and 30.

The assay may be designed to detect and quantify 64, or 128 potentialtargets, allowing for multiple mutations to be scored by a singlefluorescent color. Preparation of the cartridge would require spotting16, 32, or 64 nested PCR primer pairs on the front side of the array,with adding UniTaq or Universal Tag and target-specific probe and primersets at right angles, and drying them down before cartridge assembly.

1. Distribute initial sample into 24 Primary PCR Reaction Chambers.Highest level of DNA in plasma=10,000 genome equivalents. On average,400 copies of each target per Primary PCR Reaction Chamber, with at most1 mutation. Perform 10-40 cycles of locus-specific PCR with blocking PNAor LNA to reduce amplification of wild-type DNA. Optional: Use dUTPduring PCR reaction (and pre-treat with UDG to avoid carryovercontamination of initial sample. Also, all downstream PCR primers shouldinclude identical 5′ tail sequences, preferably 8-11 bases to suppressamplification of primer dimers.

2. Dilute products of each Primary PCR Reaction Chamber with LDR primersand buffers, and distribute products into Secondary LDR ReactionChambers. Perform 20 cycles of LDR using allele-specific primers withUniTaq tails, in groups of 16, 32, or 64 primer sets. LDR primers fordifferent mutations of the same gene may be designed to give the samesignal in the same subdivision. LDR reactions may be performed in thesame reaction chamber, or in 2 separate reaction chambers, and thenre-combined.

3. Add UniTaq master mix and UDG and distribute products of eachSecondary LDR Reaction Chamber into 384 micro-pores. PCR amplify 1, 2,or 4 potential products in each well using the UniTaq primer sets anddetermine Ct value in each micro-pore of each subdivision. Use one, two,or four different fluorescent dyes on the UniTaq primers.

Note 1. This design provides the option of using the identical LDRprimer sets across the board, or printing different LDR primer sets,which then combine with aliquots of the PCR reaction, and then theproducts are combined again before distributing onto the micro-pores.

Note 2. Another layer of selectivity can be incorporated into the methodby including a 3′ blocking group, and an RNA base, in the upstreamprimer. Upon target-specific hybridization, RNase H2 removes the RNAbase to liberate a 3′OH group which is a few bases upstream of themutation, and suitable for polymerase extension. The blocking LNA or PNAprobe comprising wild-type sequence that partially overlaps with theupstream PCR primer will preferentially compete in binding to wild-typesequence over the upstream primer, but not as much to mutant DNA, andthus suppresses amplification of wild-type DNA during each round of PCR.

Note 3. Likewise, further selectivity can be incorporated into themethod by including a 3′ blocking group, and an RNA base, in thedownstream primer, which is removed by RNase H2 upon target-specifichybridization. Further, the identical 5′ tails can be extended, to about24-30 bases. The sequence would allow addition of a “universal” primer(also including a 3′ blocking group, and an RNA base), which would bepresent at higher concentration than the locus-specific primers for theinitial PCR amplification step. The universal primer would facilitateamplification of all PCR products during the multiplexed amplification.

Note 4. Alternatively, to minimize dropout of fragments duringmultiplexed PCR, an initial “pre-amplification” multiplexed PCR isperformed for 8-20 cycles in an initial reaction chamber. These productsare then distributed into the 24 Primary PCR Reaction Chambers. In onevariation, each of the 24 primary reaction chambers contains from 1-4PCR primer sets with PNA or LNA to suppress amplification of wild-typesequence, and single or multiplexed PCR is performed for an additional10-30 cycles to enable amplification of 1-4 different fragmentscontaining potential mutations in a single primary reaction chamber. Inanother variation, 6 sets of 4 primary reaction chambers contains from4-16 PCR primer sets with PNA or LNA to suppress amplification ofwild-type sequence, and multiplexed PCR is performed for an additional10-30 cycles to enable amplification of 4-16 different fragmentscontaining potential mutations in a single primary reaction chamber.

Note 5. This design also allows combining with methylation detection.

For Identification and Quantification of Low Abundance CpG Methylationin Plasma (when Combined with Mutation; Using Bisulfite-PCR-LDR-Taqman™,or Bisulfite-PCR-LDR-Unitaq Detection. See FIGS. 31, 32, and 30):

1. Digest sample with Bsh1236I in the Initial Reaction Chamber. Treatwith Bisulfite. Re-purify DNA strands.

2. Distribute bisulfate treated sample into 24 Primary PCR ReactionChambers. Highest level of DNA in plasma after RE cleavage=200 genomeequivalents. Perform 0-40 cycles of locus-specific PCR with optionalblocking PNA or LNA to reduce amplification of wild-type DNA, if needed.Use dUTP during PCR reaction. Also, all downstream PCR primers shouldinclude identical 5′ tail sequences, preferably 8-11 bases to suppressamplification of primer dimers.

2. Dilute products of each Primary PCR Reaction Chamber with LDR primersand buffers and distribute products into Secondary LDR ReactionChambers. Perform 20 cycles of LDR using methyl-specific primers withUniTaq tails, in groups of 16, 32, or 64 primer sets. LDR primers fordifferent methylation regions, i.e. top and bottom strand of the samepromoter region may be designed to give the same signal in the samesubdivision. LDR reactions may be performed in the same reactionchamber, or in 2 separate reaction chambers, and then re-combined.

3. Add UniTaq master mix and UDG and distribute products of eachSecondary LDR Reaction Chambers into 384 micro-pores. PCR amplify 1, 2,or 4 potential products in each well using the UniTaq primer sets anddetermine Ct value in each micro-pore of each subdivision. Use one, two,or four different fluorescent dyes on the UniTaq primers.

Note 1. This design provides the option of using the identical LDRprimer sets across the board, or printing different LDR primer sets,which then combine with aliquots of the PCR reaction, and then theproducts are combined again before distributing onto the micro-pores.

Note 2. Another layer of selectivity can be incorporated into the methodby including a 3′ blocking group, and an RNA base, in the upstreamprimer. Upon target-specific hybridization, RNase H2 removes the RNAbase to liberate a 3′OH group which is a few bases upstream of themutation, and suitable for polymerase extension. The blocking LNA or PNAprobe comprising wild-type sequence that partially overlaps with theupstream PCR primer will preferentially compete in binding to wild-typesequence over the upstream primer, but not as much to mutant DNA, andthus suppresses amplification of wild-type DNA during each round of PCR.

Note 3. Likewise, further selectivity can be incorporated into themethod by including a 3′ blocking group, and an RNA base, in thedownstream primer, which is removed by RNase H2 upon target-specifichybridization. Further, the identical 5′ tails can be extended, to about24-30 bases. The sequence would allow addition of a “universal” primer(also including a 3′ blocking group, and an RNA base), which would bepresent at higher concentration than the locus-specific primers for theinitial PCR amplification step. The universal primer would facilitateamplification of all PCR products during the multiplexed amplification.

Note 4. In another embodiment, to minimize dropout of fragments duringmultiplexed PCR, an initial “pre-amplification” multiplexed PCR isperformed for 8-20 cycles in the initial reaction chamber. Theseproducts are then distributed into the 24 Primary PCR Reaction Chambers.In one variation, each of the 24 primary reaction chambers contains from1-4 PCR primer sets, and single or multiplexed PCR is performed for anadditional 10-30 cycles to enable amplification of 1-4 differentfragments containing potential methylations in a single primary reactionchamber. In another variation, 6 sets of 4 primary reaction chamberscontains from 4-16 PCR primer sets, and multiplexed PCR is performed foran additional 10-30 cycles to enable amplification of 4-16 differentfragments containing potential methylations in a single primary reactionchamber.

Note 5. This design also allows combining with mutation detection.

Prophetic Example 8—Use of PCR-LDR-Taqman™ or PCR-LDR Unitaq Detectionfor Low Abundance Mutation and/or CpG Methylation Identification andQuantification Directly from Plasma

The assay described below would use a cartridge with 48×48=2,304subdivisions for 221, 1846 micro-well array format, with 96 micro-wellsper subdivision, and 4,608 micro-wells per column (acoustic dropletejection into microtiter array plate): Please see FIGS. 28 and 29.

The assay may be designed to detect and quantify 48, 96, or 192potential targets. Preparation of the microtiter plate would requirespotting UniTaq or Universal Tag primer and target-specific probe sets,and drying them down before use of microtiter plate.

1. Distribute initial sample into 48 wells or Primary PCR ReactionChambers. Highest level of DNA in plasma=10,000 genome equivalents. Onaverage, 200 copies of each target per Primary PCR Reaction Chamber,with at most 1 mutation. Perform 10-40 cycles of locus-specific PCR withblocking PNA or LNA to reduce amplification of wild-type DNA. Optional:Use dUTP during PCR reaction (and pre-treat with UDG to avoid carryovercontamination of initial sample).

2. Dilute products of each well or Primary PCR Reaction Chamber with LDRprimers and buffers and distribute into Secondary LDR Reaction Chambers.Perform 20 cycles of LDR using allele-specific primers with UniTaqtails, in groups of 16, 32, or 64 primer sets. LDR primers for differentmutations of the same gene may be designed to give the same signal inthe same subdivision. LDR reactions may be performed in the samereaction chamber, or in 2 separate reaction chambers, and thenre-combined.

3. Add UniTaq master mix and UDG and distribute products of each well orSecondary LDR Reaction Chamber into 48 subdivisions, respectively,containing 96 micro-pores. The subdivisions have been pre-spotted withappropriate UniTaq primers, and/or probes; (see FIGS. 28, and 29). PCRamplify 1, 2, or 4 potential products in each micro-pore using thepre-spotted primer sets and determine Ct value in each micro-pore ofeach subdivision. Use one, two, or four different fluorescent dyes onthe UniTaq primers.

For Identification and Quantification of Low Abundance CpG Methylationin Plasma (when Combined with Mutation; Using Bisulfite-PCR-LDR-Taqman™,or Bisulfite-PCR-LDR-Unitaq Detection. See FIGS. 31 and 32):

1. Digest sample with Bsh1236I in Initial Reaction Chamber. Treat withBisulfite. Re-purify DNA strands.

2. Distribute bisulfite treated sample into 48 wells or Primary PCRReaction Chambers. Highest level of DNA in plasma after RE cleavage=200genome equivalents. Perform 10-40 cycles of locus-specific PCR withoptional blocking PNA or LNA to reduce amplification of wild-type DNA,if needed. Optional: Use dUTP during PCR reaction.

3. Dilute products of each well or Primary PCR Reaction Chamber with LDRprimers and buffers and distribute into Secondary LDR Reaction Chambers.Perform 20 cycles of LDR using methyl-specific primers with UniTaqtails, in groups of 16, 32, or 64 primer sets. LDR primers for differentmethylation regions, i.e. top and bottom strand of the same promoterregion may be designed to give the same signal in the same subdivision.LDR reactions may be performed in the same reaction chamber, or in 2separate reaction chambers, and then re-combined.

4. Add UniTaq master mix and UDG and distribute products of each well orSecondary LDR Reaction Chamber into 48 subdivisions, respectively,containing 96 micro-pores. The subdivisions have been pre-spotted withappropriate UniTaq primers, and/or probes; (see FIGS. 31 and 32). PCRamplify 1, 2, or 4 potential products in each micro-pore using thepre-spotted primer sets and determine Ct value in each micro-pore ofeach subdivision. Use one, two, or four different fluorescent dyes onthe UniTaq primers.

See also, notes 1-5 for Example 7 above.

Prophetic Example 9—Use of PCR-PCR-Taqman™ or PCR-PCR Unitaq Detectionfor Exact Enumeration of Both Rare and Overexpressed lncRNA, mRNA, orSplice Variants

The assay described below would use a cartridge with 24×16=384 (oroptional 768) subdivisions for 9,216 micro-well or micro-pore arrayformat, with 24 micro-wells or micro-pores per subdivision, and 384micro-wells or micro-pores per column (using pre-spotted array): Pleasesee FIG. 33 for example with splice variant and FIG. 34.

The assay may be designed to detect and quantify 384 potential targets.Preparation of the cartridge would require spotting 16, 32, or 64 nestedPCR primer pairs on the front side of the array, with adding UniTaq orUniversal Tag and target-specific probe and primer sets at right anglesand drying them down before cartridge assembly.

1. Initial multiplexed reverse-transcription/amplification of thesample—384 potential targets. Perform 7 cycles of multiplexed RT-PCR inthe Initial Reaction Chamber, maximum of 128 copies of each originaltranscript. All reverse transcription and PCR primers should includeidentical 5′ tail sequences, preferably 10-11 bases to suppressamplification of primer dimers.

2. Distribute initial multiplexed products into 6 Primary PCR ReactionChambers. Average distribution in each Primary PCR Reaction Chamber is20 copies of each original transcript. Perform 10 cycles of nested PCRusing primers with UniTaq tails, in groups of 16, 32, or 64 primerunique sets for each Primary PCR Reaction Chamber, for a maximum of20,480 copies of each original transcript. For this example, threedifferent sets of transcripts would be accurately quantified, where theminimum number would be on the order of 1 original RNA transcript,yielding 20,480 copies, 100 original RNA transcripts, yielding 2,048,000copies, and 10,000 original RNA transcripts, yielding 204,800,000copies.

3. The six Primary PCR Reaction Chambers are designed to retain acertain percentage of the volume of the liquid in the reaction afterdraining. For this example, the full volume of the nested PCR reactionwill be designated as 80 units, and the amount retained as 40 units orless. For this illustration, the multiplexed amplification primer setsfor Primary PCR Reaction Chambers 1 & 2 are for low-level transcripts(retaining 40 units of liquid), for Primary PCR Reaction Chambers 3 & 4are for medium-level transcripts (retaining 10 units of liquid), and forPrimary PCR Reaction Chambers 5 & 6 are for high-level transcripts(retaining 3 units of liquid). After the first draining, below are thecalculations for liquid and minimum copies remaining:

Starting Liquid Remaining Molecules Remaining Molecules PR-Chambers 1 &2 20,480  40 μ 20,480 × 40/80 = 10,240 PR-Chambers 3 & 4 2,048,000   6 μ2,048,000 × 6/80 = 153,600 PR-Chambers 5 & 6 204,800,000 1.2 μ204,800,000 × 1.2/80 = 3,072,000

A fresh 40μ of master-mix with antibody to inhibit polymerase is addedto the remaining liquid, and drained again:

Starting Liquid Remaining Molecules Remaining Molecules PR-Chambers 1 &2 10,240  40 μ 10,240 × 40/80 = 5,120 PR-Chambers 3 & 4 153,600   6 μ153,600 × 6/46 = 20,034 PR-Chambers 5 & 6 3,072,000 1.2 μ 3,072,000 ×1.2/41 = 89,912

A fresh 40μ of master-mix with antibody to inhibit polymerase is addedto the remaining liquid, and drained again:

Starting Liquid Remaining Molecules Remaining Molecules PR-Chambers 1 &2  5,120  40 μ  5,120 × 40/80 = 2,560 PR-Chambers 3 & 4 20,034   6 μ20,034 × 6/46 = 2,613 PR-Chambers 5 & 6 89,912 1.2 μ 89,912 × 1.2/41 =2,631

A fresh 40μ of master-mix is added to the remaining liquid, and nowpushed upward, divided equally 4 Secondary Reaction/Dilution Chambers,A, B, C, and D, which have a total volume of 20 units, and can retain 10units or less.

Starting Liquid Remaining Molecules Remaining Molecules SR-Chambers 1 &2 A 640 10 μ 640 × 10/20 = 320 SR-Chambers 1 & 2 B 640  4 μ 640 × 4/20 =128 SR-Chambers 1 & 2 C 640  2 μ 640 × 2/20 = 64 SR-Chambers 1 & 2 D 640 1 μ 640 × 1/20 = 32SR-Chambers 3 & 4, as well as 5 & 6 will have about twice the number ofmolecules as above

A fresh 10μ of master-mix is added to the remaining liquid in the upperchambers, and drained again:

Starting Liquid Remaining Molecules Remaining Molecules SR-Chambers 1 &2 A 320 10 μ 320 × 10/20 = 160 SR-Chambers 1 & 2 B 128  4 μ 128 × 4/14 =37 SR-Chambers 1 & 2 C  64  2 μ  64 × 2/12 = 11 SR-Chambers s 1 & 2 D 32  1 μ  32 × 1/11 = 2.9SR-Chambers 3 & 4, as well as 5 & 6 will have about twice the number ofmolecules as above

A fresh 10μ of master-mix is added to the remaining liquid in the upperchambers, and drained again:

Starting Liquid Remaining Molecules Remaining Molecules SR-Chambers 1 &2 A 160 10 μ  160 × 10/20 = 80 SR-Chambers 1 & 2 B 37  4 μ   37 × 4/14 =11 SR-Chambers 1 & 2 C 11  2 μ   11 × 2/12 = 1.8 SR-Chambers 1 & 2 D 2.9 1 μ  2.9 × 1/11 = 0.26SR-Chambers 3 & 4, as well as 5 & 6 will have about twice the number ofmolecules as above

At the end, sufficient mastermix is added as all the remaining productsand reagents are moved to a larger mixing chamber, in preparation formoving into the micro-pores.

4. Distribute products of each Secondary Reaction/Dilution Chamber into384 micro-wells or micro-pores. On average, each A SecondaryReaction/Dilution Chamber will get 5 copies of each original transcript,with progressively less in the B, C, and D Secondary Reaction/DilutionChambers. PCR amplify 1, 2, or 4 potential products in each well usingthe UniTaq primer sets and determine Ct value in each micro-pore of eachsubdivision. Use one, two, or four different fluorescent dyes on theUniTaq primers. Poisson distribution in 24 micro-pores will provideenumeration for very low copy transcripts in the A SecondaryReaction/Dilution Chamber, while Poisson distribution across 24micro-pores in the B, C, and D Secondary Reaction/Dilution Chambers willprovide enumeration for high copy transcripts across three to fourorders of magnitude.

Secondary Reaction/Dilution Chambers 1 & 2 will accurately enumeratestarting transcripts ranging from 1 (filling on average about 5 of the24 micro-pores of the “A” column) to about 1,500-3,000 (filling onaverage about 15-21 of the 24 micro-wells or micro-pores of the “D”column).

Secondary Reaction/Dilution Chambers 3 & 4 will accurately enumeratestarting transcripts ranging from 100 (filling on average about 10 ofthe 24 micro-pores of the “A” column) to about 150,000-300,000 (fillingon average about 15-21 of the 24 micro-wells or micro-pores of the “D”column).

Secondary Reaction/Dilution Chambers 5 & 6 will accurately enumeratestarting transcripts ranging from 10,000 (filling on average about 10 ofthe 24 micro-pores of the “A” column) to about 15,000,000-30,000,000(filling on average about 15-21 of the 24 micro-wells or micro-pores ofthe “D” column).

Note 1: The success of this assay format depends on there being noprimer dimers formed by the UniTaq primers, e.g. with the nestedprimers. Using 3′-blocked UniTaq primers and RNaseH2 to unblock at anRNA base would solve this problem. The same 3′ block/RNase trick mayalso be used on the nested primer set; however, there is a slight risksuch primers would be less effective since sequence drift of thepathogen may prevent the primers from amplifying that particular target.

Note 2: One advantage of using the UniTaq primers is they may be placedvery close to each other such that multiple nested products may begenerated off a single initial target transcript. This allows primerdesign with 2 nested primer sets within each transcript region. Thiswould allow double verification for a given transcript. Anotheradvantage of this approach is it would limit the number of PCR primersin the initial multiplexed reaction. A further advantage is that primerscan be designed such that those signals are displayed in differentsubdivisions to mitigate any target-independent (false) signals.

Note 3: As an alternative to designing different sets of chambers withdifferent dilutions, separate heating elements may run differentchambers under different conditions, including changing the number ofPCR cycles.

Prophetic Example 10—Use of PCR-PCR-Taqman™ or PCR-PCR Unitaq Detectionfor Exact Enumeration of Both Rare and Overexpressed lncRNA, mRNA, orSplice Variants

The assay described below would use a cartridge with 48×48=2,304subdivisions for 221,1846 micro-well array format, with 96 micro-wellsper subdivision, and 4,608 micro-wells per column (acoustic dropletejection into microtiter array plate): Please see FIG. 33 for examplewith splice variant.

The assay may be designed to detect and quantify 576, or 1,152 potentialtargets. Preparation of the microtiter plate would require spottingUniTaq or Universal Tag primer and target-specific probe sets, anddrying them down before use of microtiter plate.

1. Initial multiplexed reverse-transcription/amplification of thesample—576, or 1,152 potential targets. Perform 10 cycles of multiplexedPCR, maximum of 1,024 copies of each original RNA molecule in theInitial Reaction Chamber. If needed, use “tandem” PCR primers. Also, allPCR primers may include identical 5′ tail sequences, preferably 10-11bases to suppress amplification of primer dimers.

2. Distribute initial multiplexed products into 48 wells or Primary PCRReaction Chambers. Average distribution in each well is 20 copies ofeach original RNA target. Perform 3-4 cycles of nested PCR using primerswith UniTaq tails, in groups of 24, or 48 primer sets, for a maximum of160-320 copies of each original RNA molecule.

3. Distribute products of each well or Primary PCR Reaction Chamber into2 or 4 sets of 24 or 12 subdivisions respectively containing 96micro-pores. When using 2 sets, the second set is a 100/1 dilution ofthe first. When using 4 sets, each set is a 20/1 dilution of theprevious set. This allows coverage of RNA molecules present across manyorders of magnitude. On average, each initial subdivision will get 12copies of each original RNA molecule, with a given micro-pore gettingone or zero copies of original RNA. If RNA is present in higher numbers,each subdivision will get additional copies. PCR amplify 1, 2, or 4potential products in each micro-pore using the pre-spotted UniTaqprimer sets and determine Ct value in each micro-pore of eachsubdivision. Use one, two, or four different fluorescent dyes on theUniTaq primers. Poisson distribution in 96 micro-pores across 2 or 4dilution sets will provide some degree of enumeration for very low copyRNA, as well as higher copy RNA in sample.

See also, notes 1-2 for Example 9 above.

Prophetic Example 11—Use of PCR-PCR-Sequencing for Unknown PathogenIdentification and Genotyping

The assay described below would use a cartridge with 48×32=1,536subdivisions for 4,239,360 micro-pore array format for targetedsequencing, with 2,760 micro-pores per subdivision, and 88,320micro-pores per column. For multiplexed amplification with immobilizedprimer, see FIG. 35. For details on driving amplification to completionon solid surface, see FIGS. 36, 37, and 38.

The assay may be designed to identify and genotype 1,536 potentialtargets. Preparation of the cartridge would require spotting 48×32 PCRprimer pairs on the front side of the array, with 32×48 PCR sequencingprimers on the back side and drying them down before cartridge assembly.

1. Initial multiplexed amplification of the sample—1,536 potentialtargets. Perform 10 cycles of PCR in the Initial Reaction Chamber,maximum of 1,024 copies of each original pathogen.

2. Distribute initial multiplexed products into 48 Primary PCR ReactionChambers. Average distribution in each Primary PCR Reaction Chamber is20 copies of each original pathogen target. Nested, locus-specificprimers are unblocked with RNaseH2 only when bound to target. Perform 5cycles of nested PCR in groups of 32, maximum of 640 copies of eachoriginal pathogen. Optional, remove universal primer sequence fromproduct with UDG/APE1 to improve hybridization of product to immobilizedprimer in micro-pores.

3. Distribute products of each Primary PCR Reaction Chamber into 88,320micro-pores. On average, each subdivision (comprising 2,760 micro-pores)will get 20 copies of each original pathogen. PCR amplify multipleproducts in each micro-pore, and then melt off non-anchored strand.

4. Add 48 sequencing primers for each of the 48 targets in 32subdivisions at right angles. Allows for sequencing of 1,536 potentialtargets simultaneously. Poisson distribution in 2,760 micro-poresenables enumeration of low-abundance targets.

PCR-PCR-Sequencing for Unknown Pathogen Identification and Genotypingwith Adding Sequencing Primers at the Same 48 Subdivisions (See FIG.49):

If sequencing primers are added in the same orientation, i.e. withoutsubdivision, there are 48×n potential targets, with 88,320/nmicro-pores/subdivision.

There are several ways to approach this. One approach is that ingeneral, bacterial pathogens are present at lower levels than viralpathogens. The original PCR cycles could include an RT-step for Viralpathogens, without the second primer, such that they aren't amplified asmuch as the bacterial fragments are. Also, the original PCR step couldbe for fewer cycles, and the nested PCR step could also be for fewercycles still. Then, even if some pathogens are present at highernumbers, with 88,320 micro-pores/section (i.e. column), even if some arepresent at 2,000 copies, and others at 5 copies, sequencing 32 targetsper subdivision would not be unreasonable. Note, the sets of 32sequencing primers×48 would also be printed on the device. This wouldallow for detecting 1,536 potential targets simultaneously in a singlesequencing run, as well as take advantage of the Poisson distribution in2,760 micro-pores.

Another approach is to incorporate 8-12 bases of unique sequencein-between the universal primer and the target-specific sequence of thenested PCR primer on the side that does not get attached to the solidsupport. This would allow for sequencing sets of potential targets byusing the 8-12 bases on the 3′ side of more universal sequencingprimers.

Another approach is to use different universal primers for each set ofnested PCR primers, and then print the desired universal sets within themicro-pores, in 32 sections. This would effectively make sure that eachamplification product goes to a defined row and column. The advantage ofthis approach is that it also allows for separate Taqman™ or LDRdetection of various products.

In a variation of this idea, the universal primer sequences are theUniTaq sequences. The desired UniTaq primers are printed within thepores, in 32 sets. This approach does not require immobilization of allthe primers, although they can be transiently kept in place usinghybridization to dendrimers.

Note that with 4-color LDR-FRET detection, splitting into 48 sections,this still allows for highly accurate enumeration of 192 targetssimultaneously. Since each of the 48 sections has a different set of(e.g. 16) targets amplified, one could add all 384 LDR primerssimultaneously, and they would sort themselves out. This would allowaccurate quantification and enumeration of 768 targets in just 4 LDRreactions.

Prophetic Example 12—Use of PCR-PCR-Sequencing for Unknown PathogenIdentification and Genotyping

The assay described below would use a cartridge with 48double-columns×48 double-rows=2,304 subdivisions for 25,436,160micro-pore array format for targeted sequencing, with 11,040 micro-poresper subdivision, and 529,920 micro-pores per column. For multiplexedamplification with immobilized primer, see FIG. 35. For details ondriving amplification to completion on solid surface, see FIGS. 36, 37,and 38.

The assay may be designed to identify and genotype 2,304 to 9,216potential targets. Preparation of the cartridge would require spotting48×48 PCR primer pairs on the front side of the array, with 48×48 PCRsequencing primers on the back side and drying them down beforecartridge assembly.

1. Initial multiplexed amplification of the sample—2,304 to 9,216potential targets. Perform 10 cycles of PCR in the Initial ReactionChamber, maximum of 1,024 copies of each original pathogen.

2. Distribute initial multiplexed products into 48 wells or Primary PCRReaction Chambers. Average distribution in each well or Primary PCRReaction Chamber is 20 copies of each original pathogen target. Nested,locus-specific primers are unblocked with RNaseH2 only when bound totarget. Perform 2-3 cycles of nested PCR in groups of 32, maximum of 80to 160 copies of each original pathogen. Optional, remove universalprimer sequence from product with UDG/APE1 to improve hybridization ofproduct to immobilized primer in micro-pores.

3. Distribute products of each well or Primary PCR Reaction Chamber into529,920 micro-pores. PCR amplify multiple products in each micro-poreand melt off non-anchored strand.

PCR-PCR-Sequencing for Unknown Pathogen Identification and Genotypingwith Adding Sequencing Primers at the Same 48 Subdivisions:

If sequencing primers are added in the same orientation, i.e. withoutsubdivision, there are 48×n potential targets, with 529,920/nmicro-pores/subdivision.

There are several ways to approach this. One approach is that ingeneral, bacterial pathogens are present at lower levels than viralpathogens. The original PCR cycles could include an RT-step for Viralpathogens, without the second primer, such that they aren't amplified asmuch as the bacterial fragments are. Also, the original PCR step couldbe for fewer cycles. Then, even if some pathogens are present at highernumbers, with 529,920 micro-pores/section (column), even if some arepresent at 2,000 copies, and others at 5 copies, sequencing 32 targetsper section (column) would not be unreasonable. Note, the sets of 192sequencing primers×48 would also be distributed into the device. Thiswould allow for detecting 9,216 potential targets simultaneously in asingle sequencing run, as well as take advantage of the Poissondistribution in 529,920 micro-pores.

Another approach is to incorporate 8-16 bases of unique sequencein-between the universal primer and the target-specific sequence of thenested PCR primer on the side that does not get attached to the solidsupport. This would allow for sequencing sets of potential targets byusing the 8-16 bases on the 3′ side of more universal sequencingprimers.

A first set of 8-16 sequencing primers may comprise a common 5′ sequence(16 bases), and variable 3′ sequences (8 bases). Or, a second set of64-256 sequencing primers may comprise a common 5′ sequence (8 bases), avariable middle sequence (8 bases, 8-16 variants) and hyper-variable 3′sequences (8 bases, 64-256 variants).

Prophetic Example 13—Use of PCR-PCR-Sequencing for Low AbundanceMutation and/or CpG Methylation Identification and Enumeration Directlyfrom Plasma

The assay described below would use a cartridge with 48×32=1,536subdivisions for 4,239,360 micro-pore array format for targetedsequencing, with 2,760 micro-pores per subdivision, and 88,320micro-pores per column. See FIGS. 40-46, and 48.

1. Distribute initial sample into 48 Primary PCR Reaction Chambers.Highest level of DNA in plasma=10,000 genome equivalents. On average,200 copies of each target per Primary PCR Reaction Chamber, with at most1 mutation. Locus-specific primers are unblocked with RNaseH2 only whenbound to target. Perform 3 cycles of fragment identifier PCR for bothstrands, each strand covering slightly different sequences. Yields 4copies of top strand, and 4 copies of bottom strand.

2. Treat with UDG/APE1, and distribute products of each Primary PCRReaction Chamber into 88,320 micro-pores. Assuming 75% capture, a giventarget will have about 1200 copies per section (column), and if amutation is present, there should be about 3 copies of the “Watsonstrand” and about 3 copies of the “Crick strand”. PCR amplify multipleproducts in each well using nested target-specific primers and universalprimers and melt off non-anchored strand.

3. Add 72 sequencing primers—covers 36 target regions, for both Watsonand Crick strand, including overlapping regions when needed. Generateabout 80 bases of sequence information, plus 10 bases of unique fragmentidentifier barcode.

4. Add an additional 72 sequencing primers. The current cartridge easilyhas room for 4 rounds of sequencing=288 primers—covers 144 targetregions, both strands, with accurate enumeration of each mutation.

Note 1: The original nested primers may also be used as sequencingprimers.

Note 2: The nested primers may be designed to contain different sets ofuniversal sequences comprising the master universal sequence and then8-12 bases on the 3′ end to uniquely sequence different fragments, suchthat on average, 72 products are sequenced per individual sequencingprimer. Repeat with next sequencing primer to sequence next 72fragments.

For Identification and Quantification of Low Abundance CpG Methylationin Plasma (when Combined with Mutation; Using Bisulfite-PCR-PCRSequencing. See FIGS. 51 and 52):

1. Digest sample with Bsh1236I in the Initial Reaction Chamber. Treatwith Bisulfite. Re-purify strands.

2. Distribute bisulfate treated sample into 48 Primary PCR ReactionChambers. Highest level of DNA in plasma after RE cleavage=200 genomeequivalents. On average, 4 copies of each target per Primary PCRReaction Chamber, with at most 1 being methylated. Locus-specificprimers are unblocked with RNaseH2 only when bound to target. Perform 3cycles of fragment identifier PCR for both strands, each strand coveringslightly different sequences. Yields 4 copies of top strand, and 4copies of bottom strand of originally methylated DNA.

3. Treat with UDG/APE1, and distribute products of each Primary PCRReaction Chamber into 88,320 micro-pores. Assuming 75% capture, a giventarget will have about 16 copies per Primary PCR Reaction Chamber, andif a methylated region is present, there should be about 3 copies of the“Watson strand” and about 3 copies of the “Crick strand”. PCR amplifymultiple products in each well using nested target-specific primers anduniversal primers and melt off non-anchored strand.

4. Add as many sequencing primers as desired to cover methylatedregions. (Theoretically, could cover 2,760 methylated regions in onesequencing run, with accurate enumeration of every methylated region.)

Note 1. The original nested primers may also be used as sequencingprimers.

For Identification and Quantification of Low Abundance CpG Methylationin Plasma Using Bisulfite-PCR-PCR Sequencing (when Done Alone):

1. Digest sample with Bsh1236I in the Initial Reaction Chamber. Treatwith Bisulfite. Re-purify strands.

2. Distribute bisulfate treated sample into 48 Primary PCR ReactionChambers. Highest level of DNA in plasma after RE cleavage=200 genomeequivalents. On average, 4 copies of each target per Primary PCRReaction Chamber, with at most 1 being methylated. Locus-specificprimers are unblocked with RNaseH2 only when bound to target. Perform 11cycles of fragment identifier PCR for one strand. Yields 1,024 copies ofone strand of originally methylated DNA.

3. Treat with UDG/APE1, and distribute products of each Primary PCRReaction Chamber into 88,320 micro-pores. Assuming 75% capture, a giventarget will have about 100 copies per section (column), and if amethylated region is present, there should be about 24 copies of thatstrand. PCR amplify multiple products in each well and melt offnon-anchored strand.

4. Add 12 sequencing primers for each 12 targets in 32 subdivisions atright angles. Allows for sequencing of 384 potential methylated targetssimultaneously. Poisson distribution in 2,760 micro-pores enablesenumeration of methylated targets. Total of 384 potential methylatedtarget regions can be evaluated simultaneously, with accurateenumeration of every methylated region.

Note 1. The original target-specific second primers may also be used assequencing primers.

Prophetic Example 14—Use of PCR-PCR-Sequencing for Low AbundanceMutation and/or CpG Methylation Identification and Enumeration Directlyfrom Plasma

The assay described below would use a cartridge with 48double-columns×48 double-rows=2,304 subdivisions for 25,436,160micro-pore array format for targeted sequencing, with 11,040 micro-poresper subdivision, and 529,920 micro-pores per column. See FIGS. 40-46,and 48.

1. Distribute initial sample into 48 wells or Primary PCR ReactionChambers. Highest level of DNA in plasma=10,000 genome equivalents. Onaverage, 200 copies of each target per Primary PCR Reaction Chamber,with at most 1 mutation. Locus-specific primers are unblocked withRNaseH2 only when bound to target. Perform 3 cycles of fragmentidentifier PCR for both strands, each strand covering slightly differentsequences. Yields 4 copies of top strand, and 4 copies of bottom strand.

2. Treat with UDG/APE1 and distribute products from each Primary PCRReaction Chambers into 529,920 micro-pores. Assuming 75% capture, agiven target will have about 1200 copies per section (column), and if amutation is present, there should be about 3 copies of the “Watsonstrand” and about 3 copies of the “Crick strand”. PCR amplify multipleproducts in each well using nested target-specific primers and universalprimers and melt off non-anchored strand.

3. Add 256 sequencing primers—covers 128 target regions, for both Watsonand Crick strand, including overlapping regions when needed. Generateabout 80 bases of sequence information, plus 10 bases of unique fragmentidentifier barcode. Approximately 307,200 micro-pores out of the 529,920micro-pores will generate sequence information, with about 75% of theseproviding reads from a single PCR product per sequencing round.

4. Add an additional 256 sequencing primers as often as needed tosequence as many targeted regions as needed.

Note 1: The original nested primers may also be used as sequencingprimers.

Note 2: The nested primers may be designed to contain different sets ofuniversal sequences comprising the master universal sequence and then8-16 bases on the 3′ end to uniquely sequence different fragments, suchthat on average, 256 products are sequenced per individual sequencingprimer. Repeat with next sequencing primer to sequence next 256fragments.

For Identification and Quantification of Low Abundance CpG Methylationin Plasma (when Combined with Mutation; Using Bisulfite-PCR-PCRSequencing. See FIG. 51):

1. Digest sample with Bsh1236I in the Initial Reaction Chamber. Treatwith Bisulfite. Re-purify strands.

2. Distribute bisulfite treated sample into 48 wells or Primary PCRReaction Chambers. Highest level of DNA in plasma after RE cleavage=200genome equivalents. On average, 4 copies of each target per Primary PCRReaction Chamber, with at most 1 being methylated. Locus-specificprimers are unblocked with RNaseH2 only when bound to target. Perform 3cycles of fragment identifier PCR for both strands, each strand coveringslightly different sequences. Yields 4 copies of top strand, and 4copies of bottom strand of originally methylated DNA.

3. Treat with UDG/APE1 and distribute products from each Primary PCRReaction Chamber into 529,920 micro-pores. Assuming 75% capture, a giventarget will have about 16 copies per section (column), and if amethylated region is present, there should be about 3 copies of the“Watson strand” and about 3 copies of the “Crick strand”. PCR amplifymultiple products in each well using nested target-specific primers anduniversal primers and melt off non-anchored strand.

4. Add as many sequencing primers as desired to cover methylatedregions. Theoretically, could cover 19,200 methylated regions in onesequencing run, with accurate enumeration of every methylated region.Thus, if a master universal sequence is used just for the methylatedregions, this single primer could cover all the methylated regions in asingle run.

Note 1. The original nested primers may also be used as sequencingprimers.

For Identification and Quantification of Low Abundance CpG Methylationin Plasma Using Bisulfite-PCR-PCR Sequencing (when Done Alone):

1. Digest sample with Bsh1236I in Initial Reaction Chamber. Treat withBisulfite. Re-purify strands.

2. Distribute bisulfite treated sample into 48 wells or Primary PCRReaction Chambers. Highest level of DNA in plasma after RE cleavage=200genome equivalents. On average, 4 copies of each target per Primary PCRReaction Chamber, with at most 1 being methylated. Locus-specificprimers are unblocked with RNaseH2 only when bound to target. Perform 11cycles of fragment identifier PCR for one strand. Yields 1,024 copies ofone strand of originally methylated DNA.

3. Treat with UDG/APE1 and distribute products from each Primary PCRReaction Chamber into 529,920 micro-pores. Assuming 75% capture, a giventarget will have about 100 copies per section (column), and if amethylated region is present, there should be about 24 copies of thatstrand. PCR amplify multiple products in each well and melt offnon-anchored strand.

4. Add as many sequencing primers as desired to cover methylatedregions. Theoretically, could cover 19,200 methylated regions in onesequencing run, with accurate enumeration of every methylated region.Thus, if a master universal sequence is used just for the methylatedregions, this single primer could cover all the methylated regions in asingle run.

Note 1. The original target-specific second primers may also be used assequencing primers.

Prophetic Example 15—Use of PCR-PCR-Sequencing for Non-InvasivePre-Natal Testing (NIPT of Trisomy Directly from Plasma

The assay described below would use a cartridge with 48×32=1,536subdivisions for 4,239,360 micro-pore array format for targetedsequencing, with 2,760 micro-pores per subdivision, and 88,320micro-pores per column. See FIG. 50.

1. Adjust DNA in plasma/sample to 2,000 genome equivalents. Distributeinitial sample into 48 Primary PCR Reaction Chambers. On average, 40copies of each locus per Primary PCR Reaction Chamber, with differentSNPs. Locus-specific primers are unblocked with RNaseH2 only when boundto target. Perform 3 cycles of fragment identifier PCR for both strands,each strand covering slightly different sequences. Yields 4 copies oftop strand, and 4 copies of bottom strand.

2. Treat with UDG/APE1 and distribute products of each Primary PCRReaction Chamber into 88,320 micro-pores. Assuming 75% capture, a givenlocus will have about 240 copies per section i.e. column (120 for Watsonstrand and 120 for Crick strand). PCR amplify multiple products in eachwell using nested locus-specific primers and universal primers and meltoff non-anchored strand.

3. Add 368 sequencing primers (or one primer, see note 2 below)—covers184 locus regions, for both Watson and Crick strand. Generate about 50bases of sequence information, plus 10 bases of unique fragmentidentifier barcode.

4. Add an additional 368 (or one primer, see note 2 below) sequencingprimers. The current cartridge has room for 4 rounds ofsequencing=covers 736 locus regions, both strands, with accurateenumeration of each SNP on both the Watson and Crick strand.

Basic idea is to enumerate how many copies of each strand are present.Since the Watson strands should match the Crick strands in each of the48 sections, i.e. columns (since they are generated from a givenfragment with one of each strand), this is an internal control for lossof strands or other errors. Multiple unique loci on Chromosomes 2(control), 13, 18, 21, X, and Y are used to establish copy number aswell as identify trisomy or other chromosomal copy changes.

The above calculations are based on filling on average about 50% of themicro-pores. (Poisson distribution: mean lambda=0.4; Initial percentagex=0). Under such conditions, approximately 60% of the micro-pores willnot give any sequencing reads, about 30% are unique (i.e. single reads),about 7.5% will give double reads, and about 1.3% will give triplereads. On a practical level, the single reads are unambiguous fordistinguishing SNPs. The double reads may be used to determine loci, butdouble reads should not be used to distinguish SNPs. Between the singleand double reads, over 90% of the strands are covered, and since thatdistribution is essentially random, this approach should provide highlyaccurate enumeration of each strand present in the initial sample.

Note 1: The original nested primers may also be used as sequencingprimers.

Note 2: The nested primers may be designed to contain different sets ofuniversal sequences comprising the master universal sequence and then8-12 bases on the 3′ end to uniquely sequence different fragments, suchthat on average, 368 products are sequenced per individual sequencingprimer. Repeat with next sequencing primer to sequence next 368fragments.

Prophetic Example 16—Use of PCR-PCR-Sequencing for Non-invasivePre-natal Testing (NIPT of Trisomy Directly from Plasma

The assay described below would use a cartridge with 48double-columns×48 double-rows=2,304 subdivisions for 25,436,160micro-pore array format for targeted sequencing, with 11,040 micro-poresper subdivision, and 529,920 micro-pores per column. See FIG. 50.

1. Adjust DNA in plasma/sample to 2,000 genome equivalents. Distributeinitial sample into 48 Primary PCR Reaction Chambers. On average, 40copies of each locus per Primary PCR Reaction Chamber, with differentSNPs. Locus-specific primers are unblocked with RNaseH2 only when boundto target. Perform 3 cycles of fragment identifier PCR for both strands,each strand covering slightly different sequences. Yields 4 copies oftop strand, and 4 copies of bottom strand.

2. Treat with UDG/APE1 and distribute products of each Primary PCRReaction Chamber into 529,920 micro-pores. Assuming 75% capture, a givenlocus will have about 240 copies per section, i.e. column (120 forWatson strand and 120 for Crick strand). PCR amplify multiple productsin each well using nested locus-specific primers and universal primersand melt off non-anchored strand.

3. Add 2,208 sequencing primers (or one primer, see note 2 below)—covers1,104 locus regions, for both Watson and Crick strand. Generate about 50bases of sequence information, plus 10 bases of unique fragmentidentifier barcode.

4. Add an additional 2,208 (or one primer, see note 2 below) sequencingprimers.

Basic idea is to enumerate how many copies of each strand are present.Since the Watson strands should match the Crick strands in each of the48 sections, i.e. columns (since they are generated from a givenfragment with one of each strand), this is an internal control for lossof strands or other errors. Multiple unique loci on Chromosomes 2(control), 13, 18, 21, X, and Y are used to establish copy number aswell as identify trisomy or other chromosomal copy changes.

The above calculations are based on filling on average about 50% of themicro-pores. (Poisson distribution: mean lambda=0.4; Initial percentagex=0). Under such conditions, approximately 60% of the micro-pores willnot give any sequencing reads, about 30% are unique (i.e. single reads),about 7.5% will give double reads, and about 1.3% will give triplereads. On a practical level, the single reads are unambiguous fordistinguishing SNPs. The double reads may be used to determine loci butshould not be used to distinguish SNPs. Between the single and doublereads, over 90% of the strands are covered, and since that distributionis essentially random, this approach should provide highly accurateenumeration of each strand present in the initial sample.

Note 1: The original nested primers may also be used as sequencingprimers.

Note 2: The nested primers may be designed to contain different sets ofuniversal sequences comprising the master universal sequence and then8-16 bases on the 3′ end to uniquely sequence different fragments, suchthat on average, 368 products are sequenced per individual sequencingprimer. Repeat with next sequencing primer to sequence next 1,104fragments.

Prophetic Example 17—Use of PCR-PCR-Taqman™ or PCR-PCR Unitaq Detectionfor Exact Enumeration of Both Rare and Overexpressed lncRNA, mRNA, orSplice Variants

The assay described below would use a cartridge with 48×32=1,536subdivisions for 4,239,360 micro-pore array format for targetedsequencing, with 2,760 micro-pores per subdivision, and 88,320micro-pores per column. Please see FIGS. 53 and 54. The assay may bedesigned to detect and quantify 1,536 potential targets.

1. Initial multiplexed reverse-transcription/amplification of thesample—1,536 potential targets. Perform 9 cycles of PCR in the InitialReaction Chamber, maximum of 512 copies of each original transcript. Allreverse transcription and PCR primers should include identical 5′ tailsequences, preferably 10-11 bases to suppress amplification of primerdimers.

2. Distribute initial multiplexed products into 24 Primary PCR ReactionChambers. Average distribution in each Primary PCR Reaction Chamber is20 copies of each original transcript. Perform 10 cycles of nested PCRusing primers with UniTaq tails, in groups of 32 primer unique sets foreach Primary PCR Reaction Chamber, for a maximum of 20,480 copies ofeach original transcript. For this example, three different sets oftranscripts would be accurately quantified, where the minimum numberwould be on the order of 1 original RNA transcript, yielding 20,480copies, 100 original RNA transcripts, yielding 2,048,000 copies, and10,000 original RNA transcripts, yielding 204,800,000 copies.

3. The 24 Primary PCR Reaction Chambers are designed to retain a certainpercentage of the volume of the liquid in the reaction after draining.For this example, the full volume of the nested PCR reaction will bedesignated as 80 units, and the amount retained as 40 units or less. Forthis illustration, the multiplexed amplification primer sets for PrimaryPCR Reaction Chambers 1-8 are for low-level transcripts (retaining 40units of liquid), for Primary PCR Reaction Chambers 9-16 are formedium-level transcripts (retaining 10 units of liquid), and for PrimaryPCR Reaction Chambers 17-24 are for high-level transcripts (retaining 3units of liquid). After the first draining, below are the calculationsfor liquid and minimum copies remaining:

Starting Liquid Remaining Molecules Remaining Molecules PR-Chambers 1-820,480  40 μ 20,480 × 40/80 = 10,240 PR-Chambers 9-16 2,048,000   6 μ2,048,000 × 6/80 = 153,600 PR-Chambers 204,800,000 1.2 μ 204,800,000 ×1.2/80 = 17-24 3,072,000

A fresh 40μ of master-mix with antibody to inhibit polymerase is addedto the remaining liquid, and drained again:

Starting Liquid Remaining Molecules Remaining Molecules PR-Chambers 1-810,240  40 μ 10,240 × 40/80 = 5,120 PR-Chambers 9-16 153,600   6 μ153,600 × 6/46 = 20,034 PR-Chambers 17-24 3,072,000 1.2 μ 3,072,000 ×1.2/41 = 89,912

A fresh 40μ of master-mix with antibody to inhibit polymerase is addedto the remaining liquid, and drained again:

Starting Liquid Remaining Molecules Remaining Molecules PR-Chambers 1-85,120 40μ 5,120 × 40/80 = 2,560 PR-Chambers 9-16 20,034  6μ 20,034 ×6/46 = 2,613 PR-Chambers 17-24 89,912 1.2μ  89,912 × 1.2/41 = 2,631  

A fresh 40μ of master-mix is added to the remaining liquid, and nowpushed upward, divided equally into Secondary Reaction/DilutionChambers, A and B, which have a total volume of 20 units, and can retain10 units or less.

Starting Liquid Remaining Molecules Remaining Molecules SR-Chambers 1-8A 640 10μ 640 × 10/20 = 320 SR-Chambers 1-8 B 640 0.5μ  640 × 0.5/20 =16  SR-Chambers 9-16, as well as 17-24 will have about twice the number ofmolecules as above

A fresh 10μ of master-mix is added to the remaining liquid in the upperchambers, and drained again:

Starting Liquid Remaining Molecules Remaining Molecules SR-Chambers 1-8A 320 10μ 320 × 10/20 = 160 SR-Chambers 1-8 B 16 0.5μ  16 × 0.5/10.5 =0.76 SR-Chambers 9-16, as well as 17-24 will have about twice the number ofmolecules as above

At the end, sufficient mastermix is added as all the remaining productsand reagents are moved to a larger mixing chamber, in preparation formoving into the micro-pores.

4. Distribute products of each Secondary Reaction/Dilution Chamber into88,320 micro-pores. On average, each A Secondary Reaction/DilutionChamber will get 5 copies of each original transcript, with about200-fold less in the B Secondary Reaction/Dilution Chamber. PCR amplifypotential products in each micro-pore using the UniTaq primer sets anddetermine Ct value in each micro-pore of each subdivision. (Optional:the total number of transcripts may be doubled or quadrupled by usingtwo, or four different fluorescent dyes on the UniTaq primers). Poissondistribution in 2,760 micro-pores will provide enumeration for very lowcopy transcripts in the A Secondary Reaction/Dilution Chambers, whilePoisson distribution across 2,760 micro-pores in the B SecondaryReaction/Dilution Chambers will provide enumeration for high copytranscripts across three orders of magnitude.

Secondary Reaction/Dilution Chambers 1-8 will accurately enumeratestarting transcripts ranging from 1 (filling on average about 5 of the2,760 micro-pores of the “A” column) to about 110,000-220,000 (fillingon average about 1,766-2,290 of the 2,760 micro-pores of the “B”column).

Secondary Reaction/Dilution Chambers 3 & 4 will accurately enumeratestarting transcripts ranging from 100 (filling on average about 10 ofthe 2,760 micro-pores of the “A” column) to about 11,000,000-22,000,000(filling on average about 1,766-2,290 of the 2,760 micro-pores of the“B” column).

Secondary Reaction/Dilution Chambers 5 & 6 will accurately enumeratestarting transcripts ranging from 10,000 (filling on average about 10 ofthe 2,760 micro-pores of the “A” column) to about to about1,100,000,000-2,200,000,000 (filling on average about 1,766-2,290 of the2,760 micro-pores of the “B” column).

Note 1: The success of this assay format depends on there being noprimer dimers formed by the UniTaq primers, e.g. with the nestedprimers. Using 3′-blocked UniTaq primers and RNaseH2 to unblock at anRNA base would solve this problem. The same 3′ block/RNase trick mayalso be used on the nested primer set, however there is a slight risksuch primers would be less effective since sequence drift of thepathogen may prevent the primers from amplifying that particular target.

Note 2: One advantage of using the UniTaq primers is they may be placedvery close to each other such that multiple nested products may begenerated off a single initial target transcript. This allows primerdesign with 2 nested primer sets within each transcript region. Thiswould allow double verification for a given transcript. Anotheradvantage of this approach is it would limit the number of PCR primersin the initial multiplexed reaction. A further advantage is that primerscan be designed such that those signals are displayed in differentsections (columns) to mitigate any target-independent (false) signals.

Note 3: As an alternative to designing different sets of chambers withdifferent dilutions, separate heating elements may run differentchambers under different conditions, including varying the number of PCRcycles.

With Adding Sequencing Primers at the Same 48 Sections (i.e. Columns)for Exact Enumeration of Both Rare and Overexpressed lncRNA, mRNA, orSplice Variants:

If sequencing primers are added in the same orientation, i.e. withoutsubdivision, there are 48×n potential targets, with 88,320/nmicro-pores/subdivision.

There are two ways to approach this. One approach is that in general,bacterial pathogens are present at lower levels than viral pathogens.The original PCR cycles could include an RT-step for viral pathogens,without the second primer, such that they aren't amplified as much asthe bacterial fragments are. Also, the original PCR step could be forfewer cycles, and the nested PCR step could also be for fewer cyclesstill. Then, even if some pathogens are present at higher numbers, with88,320 micro-pores/section (column), even if some are present at 2,000copies, and others at 5 copies, sequencing 32 targets per section wouldnot be unreasonable. Note, the sets of 32 sequencing primers×48 wouldalso be printed on the device. This would allow for detecting 1,536potential targets simultaneously in a single sequencing run, as well astake advantage of the Poisson distribution in 2,760 micro-pores.

Another approach is to incorporate 8-12 bases of unique sequencein-between the universal primer and the target-specific sequence of thenested PCR primer on the side that does not get attached to the solidsupport. This would allow for sequencing sets of potential targets byusing the 8-12 bases on the 3′ side of more universal sequencingprimers.

Another approach is to use different universal primers for each set ofnested PCR primers, and then print the desired universal sets within thepores, in 32 sections. This would effectively make sure that eachamplification product goes to a defined row and column. The advantage ofthis approach is that it also allows for separate Taqman™ or LDRdetection of various products.

In a variation of this idea, the universal primer sequences are theUniTaq sequences. The desired UniTaq primers are printed within thepores, in 32 sets. This approach does not require immobilization of allthe primers, although they can be transiently kept in place usinghybridization to dendrimers.

Note that with 4-color LDR-FRET detection, splitting into 48 sections,this still allows for highly accurate enumeration of 192 targetssimultaneously. Since each of the 48 sections has a different set of(e.g. 16) targets amplified, one could add all 384 LDR primerssimultaneously, and they would sort themselves out. This would allowaccurate quantification and enumeration of 768 targets in just 4 LDRreactions.

For 384 Potential Targets. (with Adding UniTaq Primer Sets at RightAngles, and Drying them Down Before Assembly.)

Requires spotting 24× of either 16, 32, or 64 nested PCR primer pairs onthe front side of the array.

Prophetic Example 18—Example of PCR Primer Design with Split UniTaqProbe (UniRq) Example of PCR Primer Design with Split UniTaq Probe(UniRq) for FIG. 18: (Tm=64.6) (186 bp Total; 28+28 bp TS DNA)

Forward primer sequence: (Ai-Bi′-ti′-TS)5′-TCAGTATCGGCGTAGTCACC TGTTTTGTTG-A-TCACTATCGGA(SEQ ID NO: 17) (Upstream-Target-Sequence; 28 bp)

CCGG -3′ Block Reverse primer sequence: (Ci-Bj-tj-TS)5′-TCGACGATAGGTTTCCGCAC TCACAGGCAGC-T-AGCGATAGTAC(SEQ ID NO: 18) (Downstream-Target-Sequence; 28 bp) 

TACC -3′ Block  1^(st) UniTaq Primer: (F1-Bj, Bi-Q-Ai) 5′- F1- TCACA

GCAGC-A-CAACAAAACA -Q TCAGTATCGGCGTAGTCACC -3′ (SEQ ID NO: 19)2^(nd) UniTaq primer: Ci 5′- TCGACGATAGGTTTCCGCAC -3′ (SEQ ID NO: 20)Full PCR product (Tm of probe portion hybridizingto both split complements = 64.6) 5′-F1-TCACA

GCAGC-A-CAACAAAACA -Q TCAGTATCGGCGTAGTCACC TGTTTTGTTG-A-TCACTATCGGA(SEQ ID NO: 21) (Upstream-Target-Sequence; 28 bp)TCCGATAGTGA-A-AGCGATAGTAC (SEQ ID NO: 22)(Downstream-Target-Sequence; 28 bp)GTACTATCGCT-A-GCTGCCTGTGAGTGCGGAAACCTATCGTCGA -3′ (SEQ ID NO: 23)

Notes based on OligoAnalyzer 3.1 Tm calculations:

Internal bold sequences ti & ti′ hairpin at 62.6° C., entire structureis given Tm value of 53.1° C.

Internal italic sequences tj & tj′ hairpin at 59.7° C., entire structureis given Tm value of 53.1° C.

Separate bold sequences ti & ti′ hybridize at 38.6° C.

Separate italic sequences tj & tj′ hybridize at 37.2° C.

Separate double underlined sequences Bi & Bi′ and Bj & Bj′ have Tm of30.2 and 47.6, respectively

Combining the four hairpin regions gives, results in overall hairpin Tmat 64.6.

Potential primer-dimer PCR product (Tm of probe portion hybridizing toboth split complements=54.4)

(Note: Since the primer dimer lacks authentic target sequenceTCCGATAGTGA-A-AGCGATAGTAC (SEQ ID NO: 24), hybridization of PCR primersto such a product will not liberate the 3′ block, and thus will notamplify.)

5′- F1-TCACA

GCAGC-A-CAACAAAACA -Q TCAGTATCGGCGTAGTCACC TGTTTTGTTG-A-TCACTATCGGA(SEQ ID NO: 25) (Upstream-Target-Sequence; 28 bp)(Downstream-Target-Sequence; 28 bp) GTACTATCGCT-A-GCTGCCTGTGA GTGCGGAAACCTATCGTCGA -3′ (SEQ ID NO: 26)

Prophetic Example 19—Example of PCR Primer Design with Separate SplitUniTaq Probe (UniSpTq) Example of PCR Primer Design with Separate SplitUniTaq Probe: (Tm=62.6) (156 bp Total; 28+28 bp TS DNA)

Forward primer sequence: (Ai-Bi′-ti′-TS)5′-TCAGTATCGGCGTAGTCACC GAGTTTCCTTG -A-TCACTATCGGA(SEQ ID NO: 27) (Upstream-Target-Sequence; 28 bp)

CCGG -3′ Block Reverse primer sequence: (Ci-Bj-tj-TS)5′-TCGACGATAGGTTTCCGCAC TCACAGTCAGC -T- AGCGATAGTAC (SEQ ID NO: 28) (Downstream-Target-Sequence; 28 bp) 

TACC -3′ Block 1^(st) UniTaq Primer: (Ai)5′- TCAGTATCGGCGTAGTCACC -3′ (SEQ ID NO: 29) 2^(nd) UniTaq primer: Ci5′- TCGACGATAGGTTTCCGCAC -3′ (SEQ ID NO: 30) UniTaq Probe: (F1-Bj, Bi-Q)5′- F1- TCACArGTCAGC -A- CAAGGAAACTC -Q -3′ (SEQID NO: 31) Full PCR product (Tm of probe portionhybridizing to both split complements = 62.6)5′- F1- TCACArGTCAGC -A- CAAGGAAACTC -Q -3′ (SEQ ID NO: 32)5′-TCAGTATCCGCGTAGTCACC GAGTTTCCTTG-A-TCACTATCGGA(SEQ ID NO: 33) (Upstream-Target-Sequence; 28 bp)TCCGATAGTGA-A-AGCGATAGTAC (SEQ ID NO: 34)(Downstream-Target-Sequence; 28 bp) GTACTATCGCT-A-GCTGACTGTGA GTGCGGAAACCTATCGTCGA -3′ (SEQ ID NO: 35)

Notes based on OligoAnalyzer 3.1 Tm calculations:

Internal bold sequences ti & ti′ hairpin at 62.6° C., entire structureis given Tm value of 53.1° C.

Internal italic sequences tj & tj′ hairpin at 59.7° C., entire structureis given Tm value of 53.1° C.

Separate bold sequences ti & ti′ hybridize at 38.6° C.

Separate italic sequences tj & tj′ hybridize at 37.2° C.

Separate double underlined sequences Bi & Bi′ and Bj & Bj′ have Tm of36.4 and 42.7, respectively

Combining the four hairpin regions gives an overall hairpin at 62.6.

Potential primer-dimer PCR product (Tm of probe portion hybridizing toboth split complements=51.4)

(Note: Since the primer dimer lacks authentic target sequenceTCCGATAGTGA-A-AGCGATAGTAC (SEQ ID NO: 36), hybridization of PCR primersto such a product will not liberate the 3′ block, and thus will notamplify.)

5′- F1- TCACArGTCAGC -A- CAAGGAAACTC -Q -3′ (SEQ ID NO: 37)5′-TCAGTATCCGCGTAGTCACC GAGTTTCCTTG-A-TCACTATCGGA(SEQ ID NO: 38) (Upstream-Target-Sequence; 28 bp)(Downstream-Target-Sequence; 28 bp) GTACTATCGCT-A-GCTGACTGTGA GTGCGGAAACCTATCGTCGA -3′ (SEQ ID NO: 39)

Prophetic Example 20—Example of LDR Primer Design with Split UniTaqProbe (UniSpTq) Example of LDR Primer Design with Split UniTaq Probe(UniSpTq) for FIG. 21: (Tm=66.6) (170 bp Total; 60 bp TS DNA)

Upstream LDR primer sequence: (Ai-Bi′-zi-TS)5′-TCAGTATCGGCGTAGTCACC CTGTTTTGTTG-A-TCACTATCGGAC(SEQ ID NO: 40) (Upstream-Target-Sequence; 30 bp)-ribose base-first 4 downstream bases -3′ BlockDownstream LDR primer sequence: (TS-zi′-Bj′-Ci′)5′-(Downstream-Target-Sequence; 30 bp)GTCCGATAGTGA-A-GCTGCCTGTGAG GTGCGGAAACCTATCGTC GA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 41)1^(st) UniTaq Primer: (F1-Bj, Bi-Q-Ai)5 ′- F1-CTCACAGGCAGC-A-CAACAAAACAG -QTCAGTATCGGCGTAGTCACC -3′ (SEQ ID NO: 42) 2^(nd) UniTaq primer: Ci5′- TCGACGATAGGTTTCCGCAC -3′ (SEQ ID NO: 43) Full length PCR product:5′- F1-CTCACAGGCAGC-A-CAACAAAACAG -QTCAGTATCGGCGTAGTCACC CTGTTTTGTTG-A-TCACTATCGGAC(SEQ ID NO: 44) (Upstream-Target-Sequence; 30 bp)(Downstream-Target-Sequence; 30 bp) GTCCGATAGTGA-A-GCTGCCTGTGAG GTGCGGAAACCTATCGTCGA -3′ (SEQ ID NO: 45)

Notes Based on OligoAnalyzer 3.1 Tm Calculations:

Internal bold sequences zi & zi′ hairpin at 64° C.; entire structure isgiven Tm value of 57.4° C.

Separately, bold sequences zi & zi′ hybridize at 42.9° C.

Separate double underlined sequences Bi & Bi′ and Bj & Bj′ have Tm of35.1 and 50.3, respectively.

Combining the three hairpin regions results in Tm of 66.6

This example demonstrates how to use a split zip-code design with aprobe attached to one of the primers, as in traditional UniTaq. Here theadvantage is that the probe oligonucleotide will hybridize to either theupstream LDR primer, or the downstream LDR primer, but will onlyhybridize to both when the two separate LDR probes are covalently linkedand can hybridize to each other. As above, the LDR reaction is performedat 10 nM probe, and the product is diluted 10-fold when going into theUniTaq reaction, meaning the maximum LDR primer concentration is 1 nM,or about 250 to 500-fold lower than the UniTaq probe concentration.Thus, as above, the likelihood of three-way hybridization when two ofthe probes are at 1 nM, drops to zero. However, when there is LDRproduct, it gets amplified, increasing the overall concentration ofproduct, and now it is just a single molecule hybridizing to itself (theamplified LDR product containing the attached UniTaq probe).

Prophetic Example 21—Example of LDR Primer Design with Separate SplitUniTaq Probe (UniSpTq) Example of LDR Primer Design with Separate SplitUniTaq Probe: (Tm=65.2) (150 bp Total; 60 bp TS DNA)

Upstream LDR primer sequence: (Ai-Bi′-zi-TS)5′-TCAGTATCGGCGTAGTCACC CGAGTTTCCTTG-A- TCACTTTCGGAC (SEQ ID NO: 46) (Upstream-Target-Sequence;30 bp)- ribose base-first 4 downstream bases -3′ BlockDownstream LDR primer sequence: (TS-zi′-Bj′-Ci′)5′-(Downstream-Target-Sequence; 30 bp) GTCCGAAAGTGA-A-GCTGACTGTGAG GTGCGGAAACCTATCGTCGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 47)1^(st) UniTaq Primer: (Ai) 5′- TCAGTATCGGCGTAGTCACC -3′ (SEQ ID NO: 48)2^(nd) UniTaq primer: Ci 5′- TCGACGATAGGTTTCCGCAC -3′ (SEQ ID NO: 49)UniTaq Probe: (F1-Bj, Bi-Q)5′- F1-CTCACAGTCAGC-A-CAAGGAAACTCG -Q -3′ (SEQ ID NO: 50)Full length PCR product:5′- TCAGTATCGGCGTAGTCACC CGAGTTTCCTTG-A-TCACTTTCGGAC (SEQ ID NO: 51) (Upstream-Target-Sequence;30 bp) (Downstream-Target-Sequence; 30 bp) GTCCGAAAGTGA-A-GCTGACTGTGAGGTGCGGAAACCTATCGTCGA- 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 52)

Notes based on OligoAnalyzer 3.1 Tm calculations:

Internal bold sequences zi & zi′ hairpin at 64° C.; entire structure isgiven Tm value of 56.3° C.

Separately, bold sequences zi & zi′ hybridize at 44.7° C.

Separate double underlined sequences Bi & Bi′ and Bj & Bj′ have Tm of43.0 and 45.9, respectively.

Combining the three hairpin regions gives a Tm of 65.2.

This example demonstrates how to use a split zip-code design with aseparate probe. Here the advantage is that the probe oligonucleotidewill hybridize to either the upstream LDR primer, or the downstream LDRprimer, but will only hybridize to both when the two separate LDR probesare covalently linked and can hybridize to each other. More importantly,consider that while the average PCR experiment uses a 100 to 500 nMprimer concentration, the LDR reactions described herein use a 10 nMprimer concentration. The product is diluted 10-fold when going into theUniTaq reaction, meaning the maximum LDR primer concentration is 1 nM,or about 250 to 500-fold lower than the UniTaq probe concentration.Thus, the likelihood of three-way hybridization when two of the probesare at 1 nM, drops to zero. However, when there is LDR product, it getsamplified, increasing the overall concentration of product, and now itis just two molecules hybridizing to each other (the amplified LDRproduct and the UniTaq probe).

Prophetic Example 22—Example of qLDR Primer Design with IsothermalRNaseH2 Cleavage of Added Universal Probe (UniLDq) Example of qLDRPrimer Design with Isothermal RNaseH2 Cleavage of Added Universal Probe(UniLDq; FIG. 22): (Tm=64.8); (145 bp Total; 60 bp TS DNA)

Upstream LDR primer sequence: (Bi′-ti′-TS)5′-GAGTTTCCTTG-A-TCACTATCGGA (SEQ ID NO: 53) -Upstream-Target-Sequence- TCCGATAGTGA-A-

GCGG -3′ Block (SEQ ID NO: 54)Downstream LDR primer sequence: (TS-tj′-Bj′)5′AGCGATAGTAC (SEQ ID NO: 55) - downstream-Target-Sequence- GTACTATCGCT-A-GCTGACTGTGA -3′ (SEQ ID NO: 56)Cleavable Probe: (F1-Bj, Bi-Q)5′- F1-TCACArGTCAGC-A-CAAGGAAACTC -Q -3′ (SEQ ID NO: 57)Full length LDR product: 5′- GAGTTTCCTTG-A-TCACTATCGGA (SEQ ID NO: 58)(Upstream-Target-Sequence; 30 bp with 3′TCCGATAGTGA-A-) (SEQ ID NO: 59) (AGCGATAGTAC 5′portion of downstream-Target-Sequence(SEQ ID NO: 60); 30 bp) GTACTATCGCT-A- GCTGACTGTGA -3′(SEQ ID NO: 61)

Notes based on OligoAnalyzer 3.1 Tm calculations:

Internal bold sequences ti & ti′ hairpin at 67° C., entire structure isgiven Tm value of 67.7° C.

Internal italic sequences tj & tj′ hairpin at 63.7° C., entire structureis given Tm value of 67.7° C.

Separate bold sequences ti & ti′ hybridize at 38.6° C.

Separate italic sequences tj & tj′ hybridize at 37.2° C.

Separate double underlined sequences Bi & Bi′ and Bj & Bj′ have Tm of36.4 and 42.7, respectively.

Combining the 4 double-stranded stem regions gives a Tm value at 64.8.

Prophetic Example 23—qLDR Primer Design with Isothermal RNaseH2 Cleavageof Added Target-Specific Probe (TsLDq) Example of qLDR Primer Designwith Isothermal RNaseH2 Cleavage of Added Target-Specific Probe (TsLDq;FIG. 23): (Tm=62) (84 bp Total, Example for B-Raf V600E Mutation)

Upstream LDR = U1-BRAF (52 bases) (SEQ ID NO: 62)5′- CGAGTTTCCTTGG-A-GTCCTAAATAGGTGATTTTGGTCTAGC T ACGGA -

AGAC -3′ Block Downstream LDR = BRAF (37 bases) (SEQ ID NO: 63)5′- GAAATCTCGATGGAGTGGGTCCCATTTGGT-A-CGAGAT -3′Complete LDR product: 84 bp (SEQ ID NO: 64)5′- CGAGTTTCCTTGG-A-GTCCTAAATAGGTGATTTTGGTCTAGC T ACGGA - GAAATCTCGATGGAGTGGGTCCCATTTGGT-A-CGAGAT -3′ Cleavable probe: (SEQ ID NO: 65)5′- F1- CGAGArUTTC

-A-CCAAGGAAACTCG  -Q

Notes based on OligoAnalyzer 3.1 Tm calculations:

Combined pieces of upstream & downstream LDR primers ACGGAGAAATCTCG (SEQID NO: 66), 14-mer, with Tm of 50.5° C.

Double underlined sequences Bi & Bi′: CGAGTTTCCTTGG (SEQ ID NO: 67) hasTm of 47.8° C.

Combining the 2 double-stranded stem regions gives a Tm value at 62° C.

Although preferred embodiments have been depicted and described indetail herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant artthat various modifications, additions, substitutions, and the like canbe made without departing from the spirit of the invention and these aretherefore considered to be within the scope of the invention as definedin the claims which follow.

1-54. (canceled)
 55. A method for preparing a system for identifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample, said method comprising: providing the system comprising: (i) an inlet port and (ii) a cartridge defining a space containing: multiple primary reaction chambers fluidically coupled to said inlet port to receive material from said inlet port and produce primary reaction chamber products from the material; a product capture housing enclosing a solid support with a plurality of separate columns of a plurality of product capture subdivisions configured in separate rows and columns, with each separate product capture subdivision comprising an array of a plurality of individual hydrophilic micro-pores or micro-wells, wherein each of said individual hydrophilic micro-pores or micro-wells is separated by hydrophobic surfaces where primary reaction products are further reacted to create array products which are detected in the micro-pores or micro-wells, wherein one or more of the columns of separate product capture subdivisions receive material which has passed through one of said multiple primary reaction chambers; multiple secondary reaction chambers, one or more of which are fluidically coupled to one of said multiple primary reaction chambers to receive material from one of said multiple primary reaction chambers; and multiple mixing chambers each fluidically coupled to one of said multiple secondary reaction chambers to receive material from one of said multiple secondary reaction chambers and to discharge material to said product capture housing so that each column of separate product capture subdivisions is fluidically coupled to one of said multiple mixing chambers to receive material from one of said mixing chambers and applying universal tag or capture oligonucleotide primers or probes to the micro-pores or micro-wells of the product capture subdivisions on the solid support within said product capture housing, whereby the universal tag or capture oligonucleotide primers or probes are retained within the micro-pores or micro-wells.
 56. The method of claim 55 further comprising: filling said multiple primary reaction chambers and/or secondary reaction chambers with primary or secondary reaction oligonucleotide probes or primers each having a first portion comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a portion of target nucleic acids in the sample.
 57. The method of claim 56, wherein the primary or secondary reaction oligonucleotide probes or primers further comprise a second portion comprising a nucleotide sequence which is the same as or complementary to a portion of a universal tag or capture oligonucleotide primers, retained within the micro-pores or micro-wells.
 58. The method of claim 55, wherein each of said product capture subdivisions comprises an array of individual micro-pores each having opposed first and second open ends with the first end having a large diameter and the second end having a diameter which is smaller than that of the first end with a first passage in fluid communication with first end of the micro-pores and a second passage in fluid communication with the second end of the micro-pores, wherein the universal tag or capture oligonucleotide primers or probes are applied to the micro-pores by a method comprising the following steps in the sequence set forth as follows: passing the universal tag or capture oligonucleotide primers or probes through the first passage into the micro-pores through their first open ends while hydrophobic liquid is passed through the second passage; passing a hydrophobic liquid through the first passage while the hydrophobic liquid is passed through the second passage; passing a volatile solvent through the first passage while the hydrophobic liquid is passed through the second passage; and passing air through the first passage while heat, a hydrophobic liquid, a volatile solvent, and then air is passed through the second passage.
 59. The method of claim 55, wherein each of said product capture subdivisions comprises an array of individual micro-pores each having opposed first and second open ends with the first end having a large diameter and the second end having a diameter which is smaller than that of the first end with a first passage in fluid communication with first end of the micro-pores and a second passage separated from the second end of the micro-pores by a mesh screen covering the second ends, in fluid communication with a second passage, wherein the detection or capture oligonucleotide primers or probes are applied to the micro-pores by a method comprising the following steps in the sequence set forth as follows: passing the universal tag or capture oligonucleotide primers or probes through the first passage into the micro-pores through their first open ends; passing a hydrophobic liquid through the first passage to expel the universal tag or capture oligonucleotide primers or probes from the first passage; passing a hydrophobic liquid through the first passage while a hydrophobic liquid is passed through the second passage; passing a volatile solvent through the first passage while a hydrophobic liquid is passed through the second passage; and passing air through the first passage while heat, a hydrophobic liquid, a volatile solvent, and then air is passed through the second passage.
 60. A process of identifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample using a system comprising: (i) an inlet port and (ii) a cartridge defining a space containing: multiple primary reaction chambers fluidically coupled to said inlet port to receive material from said inlet port and produce primary reaction chamber products from the material and a product capture housing enclosing a solid support with a plurality of separate columns of a plurality of product capture subdivisions configured in separate rows and columns, with each separate product capture subdivision comprising an array of a plurality of individual hydrophilic micro-pores or micro-wells, wherein each of said individual hydrophilic micro-pores or micro-wells is separated by hydrophobic surfaces where primary reaction products are further reacted to create array products which are detected in the micro-pores or micro-wells, wherein one or more of the columns of separate product capture subdivisions receive material which has passed through one of said multiple primary reaction chambers; applying universal tag or capture oligonucleotide primers or probes to the micro-pores or micro-wells of the product capture subdivisions on the solid support within said product capture housing, whereby the universal tag or capture oligonucleotide primers or probes are retained within the micro-pores or micro-wells; filling said multiple primary reaction chambers with primary reaction chambers with primary reaction oligonucleotide probes or primers each having a first portion comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a portion of target nucleic acids in the sample; conducting the primary reaction in said system; and obtaining the nucleotide sequence of target nucleic acid molecules in the sample following said conducting the primary reaction.
 61. The process of claim 60, wherein said conducting the primary reaction comprises: providing a sample comprising a plurality of target nucleic acid molecules; contacting the sample with a set of primary oligonucleotide primers having a first portion complementary to a portion of the target nucleic acid molecules and a second portion and a polymerase to form a polymerase chain reaction mixture; subjecting said polymerase chain reaction mixture to a polymerase chain reaction in the multiple primary reaction chambers to produce a set of amplification products; and passing the amplification products to said product capture housing enclosing a solid support with a plurality of separate columns of a plurality of capture subdivisions with each separate product capture subdivision comprising an array of a plurality of individual micro-pores containing immobilized captures probes complementary to the second portion, wherein said obtaining the nucleotide sequence of target nucleic acid molecules in the sample is carried out in said micro-pores.
 62. The process of claim 61, wherein the product capture subdivisions comprise an array of a plurality of individual micro-pores each having opposed first and second open ends with the first end having a large diameter and the second end having a diameter which is smaller than that of the first end.
 63. The process of claim 62 further comprising: a mesh screen covering the second ends of the micro-pores in said product capture housing.
 64. The process of claim 61 further comprising: a bead containing said immobilized capture probes placed in the individual micro-pores.
 65. The process of claim 61 further comprising: removing at least one second portion from said amplification product before said obtaining the nucleotide sequence and after said subjecting said polymerase chain reaction mixture to a polymerase chain reaction.
 66. The process of claim 65, wherein said removing is carried out with uracil DNA glycosylases, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease, endonuclease III, endonuclease IV, endonuclease V, alkyladenine DNA glycosylase, formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase, or 8-oxyguanine DNA glycosylase, or combinations thereof.
 67. The process of claim 60, wherein each of said product capture subdivisions comprises an array of individual micro-pores or micro-wells each having opposed first and second open ends with the first end having a large diameter and the second end having a diameter which is smaller than that of the first end with a first passage in fluid communication with first end of the micro-pores and a second passage in fluid communication with, and separated from, the second end of the micro-pores by a mesh screen covering the second ends of the micro-pores and wherein said obtaining the nucleotide sequence is carried by a process comprising the following steps in the sequence set forth as follows: passing the products of a polymerase chain reaction into said product capture housing through said first passage; passing hydrophobic liquid through said first passage, such that the products are distributed into individual micro-wells; passing hydrophobic liquid through said first and second passages; amplifying said products in a polymerase chain reaction and/or isothermal reaction using the capture oligonucleotide primers under conditions to generate amplification products that are immobilized to the interior surface of the micro-wells; passing a volatile solvent through said first passage while passing hydrophobic liquid through said second passage; denaturing the products of the polymerase chain reaction and/or isothermal reaction and washing away non-anchored nucleic acid molecules through the first passage while passing hydrophobic liquid through said second passages, such that the products are isolated in individual micro-wells; passing hydrophobic liquid with a higher density than water through said first passages while passing volatile solvent, air, and then sequencing reagents through the second passages; and carrying out a sequencing reaction in said product capture subdivision.
 68. A system for identifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample, said system comprising: (i) an inlet port; (ii) an outlet port; and (iii) a cartridge fluidically coupling said inlet port and said outlet port and defining a space containing: a product capture housing enclosing a solid support with a plurality of product capture subdivisions configured in separate rows and columns, with each separate product capture subdivision comprising an array of a plurality of individual hydrophilic micro-pores, wherein each of said individual hydrophobic micro-pores is separated by hydrophobic surfaces each having opposed first and second open ends with the first end having a large diameter and the second end having a diameter which is smaller than that of the first end, said product capture housing comprising a plurality of fluid channels to permit material to pass from said inlet port through a column of the product capture subdivisions into contact with the array of micro-pores in those subdivisions, and to said outlet port, wherein the plurality of fluid channels are located above and below the solid support.
 69. The system of claim 68 further comprising: one or more valves for selectively introducing or removing reagents and/or reactants into or out of said product capture housing through said inlet port or through said outlet port.
 70. The system of claim 68 further comprising: one or more heating elements in said cartridge proximate to said product capture housing.
 71. A method for preparing a system for identifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample, said method comprising: providing the system of claim 68 and applying capture oligonucleotide primers or probes to the micro-pores of the product capture subdivisions on the solid support within said product capture housing, whereby the capture oligonucleotide primers or probes are retained within the micro-pores or micro-wells.
 72. A process of identifying a plurality of nucleic acid molecules in a sample using the system prepared by the method of claim 71, wherein, following said applying capture oligonucleotide primers or probes to the micro-pores, said process comprises: conducting the reactions in said system and detecting the presence of target nucleic acid molecules in the sample in the micro-pores based on said conducting the reactions. 